How do we get info into the brain? Memory How do we get info into the brain? Learning Target: I can identify and describe the characteristics and stages of the information processing model.

Information Processing Model Step 1: Encoding (Blue) Step 2: Storage (Green) Step 3: Retrieval (Red) Atkinson and Shiffren’s Model Outline

Information Processing Model Attention All the rest External Stimuli Sensory Registers gone Short Term Memory Long Term Memory Retrieval 1. Encoding 3. Retrieval 2. Storage Information Processing Model We are here

Memory The ability to remember things we have experienced, imagined, or learned Memory is often seen as steps in an information-processing model (IPM) Encoding – (The process of putting information into digital format.) Storage – Hard Drive Retrieval – Accessing the Hard Drive

Write down the names of the seven dwarves Write down the names of the seven dwarves. Write down everything that comes to you mind, even if you don’t think it is correct.

Recognition is easier than recall Grouchy, Gabby, Fearful, Sleepy, Smiley, Jumpy, Hopeful, Shy, Droopy, Dopey, Sniffy, Wishful, Puffy, Dumpy, Sneezy, Lazy, Pop, Grumpy, Bashful, Cheerful, Teach, Shorty, Nifty, Happy, Doc, Wheezy, and Stubby.

Information Processing Model (IPM) The IPM works really well to describe effortful processing. It falls apart a bit with things we automatically process. Automatic skills (riding a bike) Conditioned associations (bell to get you to go to your next class). Parallel Processing – brain can work on both at the same time.

Sensory registers/Sensory memory Sensory registers are the first stop for all sensory information The sensory registers are very large, but information stays for only a very short time

Information Processing Model: Sensory, Short Term & Long Term Atkinson-Shiffrin- Information Processing Model: Sensory, Short Term & Long Term Sensory Memory: brief memory storage (2-3 seconds) immediately following initial reception of a stimulus. Iconic Memory: visual Echoic Memory: auditory Which one do you think last longer in sensory memory stage?

Now let us test your visual registers I will flash the next picture for just ¼ of a second. DON’T BLINK After the image flashes we’ll return to a white screen and you can tell me everything you saw.

Did you pay attention to everything?

Here is another image DON’T BLINK

Did you pay attention to everything?

Selective Attention You select only certain bits of information for further processing from your sensory registers. We normally pay attention to only a SMALL portion of incoming information

Reticular Formation

Encoding Definition – bringing sensory information form the outside world into your memory system. visually encoded information is better than phonologically (auditorily) encoded information

Write down the number of “F’s” Appearing in the Statement Below. Finished files are the results of years of scientific study combined with the experience of years.

How many did you count? 3, 4, 5, 6 ? (acoustic or visual encoding?) Finished files are the results of years of scientific study combined with the experience of years.

Short-term Memory Short-term memory holds information we are aware of or thinking about at any given moment BUT it is much more. It is also working memory! It’s an active desktop where your brain processes info, makes sense of new inputs, and links it to LTM.

Capacity of Short-Term Memory Research indicates that STM can hold 7+/- 2 bits of information Larger amounts of information can be held by using the process of chunking

Let’s see how good your STM is!

Short Term Memory 9 7 5 4 6 8 2 5 9 9 1 3 8 2 5 5 9 6 3 8 2 7 8 6 9 5 1 3 7 2 7 1 9 3 8 4 2 7 3 9 1 5 2 4 3 8 1 6 2 1 5 2 8 4 6 7 3 1 8 9

Chunking Helps 423-19 267-198 390-675-2 573-291-43 721-354-456 245-619-832-2 141-384-515-89 201-315-426-762

Maintaining STM Information can be held in STM by using rote rehearsal, also called maintenance rehearsal Rote rehearsal involves repeating information over and over This technique is not very effective in creating long term memories

The Processes of Memory Storage Storage: The process by which information is maintained over a period of time. How much effort was put into encoding?

Short-Term Memory FABCPBSNBCCNNMTV Maintenance rehearsal: shallow processing 20 seconds “Rule of 7” (7 +/- 2) Try to remember as many of the following letters as possible. FABCPBSNBCCNNMTV Chunking: the process of grouping items to make them easier to remember. Social Security Numbers Phone Numbers

24816326412825651210242056

Short-Term Memory The Serial Position Effect: we are better able to recall information presented at the beginning and end of a list. Primacy Effect – remember things at beginning of list Recency Effect - Remember things at end of list

Group A: Count in your head the number of vowels in each word from the list I am about to read. Keep a running total of the vowels. At the end, write down that number.

Group B: You are about to hear a list of words. As each word is spoken, rate (in your mind, not on the paper) its value to a person stranded on a desert island on a scale of 1-5 with 5 being the most useful.

Long-term Memory Everything that is learned is stored in long- term memory Capacity of long-term memory Vast amounts of information may be stored for many years No known limits to capacity

Encoding in Long-term Memory Most information is encoded in terms of meaning Some information is stored verbatim Some information is coded in terms of nonverbal images Research has shown that memory for visually encoded information is better than phonologically encoded information

Types of Long Term Memory Explicit memory (require thought) Episodic Memory Events from life Semantic Memory Facts you can recall Implicit memory (require no conscious thought) Procedural Memory How to do something Emotional Memory Automatic emotional reactions @#$!&

Types of Long Term Memory Explicit memory Memory for information we can readily express and are aware of having This information can be intentionally recalled Episodic Memories - Memories for personal events in a specific time and place Semantic Memories - Memory for general facts and concepts not linked to a specific time Implicit memory Memory for information that we cannot readily express and may not be aware of having Cannot be intentionally retrieved

Retrieval Bringing information from LTM back to STM

Instructions will appear on the next slide. Nod your head when you fully understand the instructions.

Informational Processing Model: Encoding, Storage & Retrieval Acoustic Codes: listening, saying something out loud Visual Codes: mental pictures, images Semantic Codes: give meaning to the information