Unit 6 Notes: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS & MUTATIONS

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Presentation transcript:

Unit 6 Notes: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS & MUTATIONS

(1) Protein Synthesis Basics Overall Goal: Use DNA to put together the correct sequence of amino acids, building a specific protein molecule. Steps: 1- DNA  RNA. 2- RNA  AMINO ACIDS (PROTEIN). Keep In Mind: Your genetic code IS the unique order of nitrogenous bases!

(2) What is RNA? RNA = RiboNucleic Acid Structure: Types of RNA: Nucleotide = Phosphate, Ribose Sugar, N.Base Types of Nitrogenous Bases: Uracil (U) pairs with Thymine (T) Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine © [U in RNA replaces A in DNA] Types of RNA: Messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA)

(3) Codons & Anticodons CODONS  ANTICODONS  Codons are located on Messenger RNA (mRNA). 1 Codon = 3 Nitrogenous Bases 1 Codon = 1 Amino Acid ANTICODONS  Anticodons are located on Transfer RNA (tRNA). 1 Anticodon = 3 Nitrogenous Bases 1 Anticodon = 1 Amino Acid

(4) Transcription: DNA  RNA Overall Goal: Take the code from DNA nitrogenous bases and copy it onto an RNA molecule. Why??: DNA cannot leave the nucleus. DNA cannot be directly translated into protein. Steps: DNA strands unwound and separated by helicase. The enzyme RNA Polymerase binds to DNA promoters. RNA Polymerase matches up RNA bases with DNA bases. END PRODUCT = 1 Strand of Messenger RNA (mRNA) mRNA leaves the nucleus. Keep In Mind: Only 1 strand of DNA needs to be transcribed since the bases are complimentary.

(5) Transcription Examples: DNA Template: TAC—GCG—AAA—ACT WHAT WOULD BE THE CORRESPONDING STRAND OF mRNA?

(6) Translation: RNA  Amino Acids Overall Goal: Take the code from RNA molecule and translate it into an amino acid chain (protein). Why??: DNA and RNA are only instructions. Proteins are the molecules that actually do things inside cells. Steps: mRNA moves through Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 5’  3’. Begin with the Start Codon, and End with the Stop Codon. mRNA codons are matched up with tRNA anti-codons. Every 3 bases (1 Codon), Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings 1 Amino Acid. Amino Acids are bonded together atop tRNA molecules. END PRODUCT = 1 Specific Polypeptide (Protein). Keep In Mind: tRNA molecules are floating around waiting to match up their anticodons to mRNA codons during translation. They automatically have amino acids ready to go! 

(7) Translation Examples: mRNA Strand: AUG—CGC—UUU—UGA WHAT WOULD BE THE CORRESPONDING AMINO ACID SEQUENCE?

(8) What Are Mutations? Mutations: Any change in the sequence of nitrogenous bases. Types: Missense vs. Nonsense Point (Substitution, Deletion, Insertion) Frameshift Causes: Cell errors Chemical / UV exposure

(9) Types of Mutations Missense: Mutation changes type of amino acid. Nonsense: Mutation prematurely stops translation. Silent: Changes bases, but has no protein effect. Point: Change 1 base along DNA sequence. Substitution  Replace 1 base with a different one. Insertion  Add 1 extra base into sequence. Deletion  Remove 1 base from the sequence. Frameshift: Any Insertion or Deletion mutations which shift the bases, changing the amino acid sequence.

DNA Template: TAC—GCG—AAA—ACT (10) Mutation Examples: DNA Template: TAC—GCG—AAA—ACT Insertion: Deletion: Substitution: Which of the above is/are Frameshift? Which of the above is/are missense? Which of the above is/are nonsense?