Introduction to Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood By Marjane Satrapi

The Iranian Revolution… in brief In order to fully understand Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood, you must first understand Iran in the 20th Century. 20th Century Iran was a time of turmoil, revolution, and intrigue. Most of the world’s major superpowers—Great Britain, the United States, France, the Soviet Union—used Iran in order to suit their own needs. What follows is a real brief history of the last 70 years of Iranian history.

Iran 1941 – Shah (Ruler) Reza Khan Pahlavi is forced out of the country by British and Soviet forces because of his support for the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) during World War II. Khan’s son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, becomes shah of Iran. The Allied forces, especially Britain and the Soviet Union, wanted to ensure that Iranian oil would continue to reach the front. Both nations sent troops into Iran to prevent Nazi Germany from gaining control there. Reza Shah favored Germany because 1) he resented British and Soviet intrusions and 2) many Germans were living and working in Iran at the time 1951 – While Shah Mohammad Reza Khan is the “ruler” of Iran, the real power rests in the hands of Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadeq.

About Mohammad Mossadeq Mossadeq is what’s known as a “nationalist,” or someone who only wants independence from his country. As a result of his belief, Mossadeq nationalizes the oil industry in Iran. He basically kicks out all foreign oil companies, especially British ones, so that profits for fuel don’t leave the country. Needless to say, the Brits and Americans don’t like Mossadeq, but they do support the shah.

Iran Continued 1951-1953 – After Mossadeq nationalizes Iranian oil, the British impose an embargo on Iran, and they send ships to the Persian Gulf to enforce a blockade. This damages the Iranian economy tremendously. The Shah tries to wrestle power away from Mossadeq, but fails. He’s forced to flee the country. August 1953 – British and American intelligence services (think CIA) organize the overthrow of Mossadeq and the Shah returns to power.

The White Revolution January 1963 – The Shah introduces reforms aimed at liberalizing the nation. These reforms included: Woman’s suffrage, or right to vote Land reforms aimed at helping the peasants Greater access to health care Educational reforms aimed at preparing students for the modern world Formation of the “Literacy Corps,” a group aimed at teaching people to read Free and required schooling for all students from kindergarten to 14 years of age

Unintended Results of White Revolution While there were several positive results of the reform, there were also some unintended consequences: Reforms doubled the two classes of people in Iran who most opposed the Shah—the intelligentsia (intellectuals) and urban working class Money became concentrated in the hands of a few He also, however, grew more and more dictatorial. The shah outlawed all political parties but his own. Freedom of speech was limited—those who spoke out against him were imprisoned, while some were killed. Meanwhile, the economy suffered. Inspired Ayatollah Khomeini and several other Islamic religious leaders to organize a counterrevolution aimed at overthrowing the Shah

Iran 1963-1964 After the introduction of The White Revolution, the Islamic leaders, led by Ayatollah Khomeini, begin denouncing the plan. January 24, 1963 – The Shah has Khomeini arrested. Riots and protests engulf the city and hundreds are killed. 1964 – The Shah releases Khomeini from prison in April, but has him exiled from the country in August.

Ayatollah Khomeini Leader of the Islamic Revolution Exiled from Iran from August 1964-February 1979

1964-1978 Both the opposition to the Shah and the support for Ayatollah Khomeini increases in Iran The Shah begins to use his secret police (KAVAK) to stamp out and control the opposition movements in his country. September 1978 – Reaction to the Shah’s policies and a growing authoritarian regime in Iran finally reach a boiling point. After months of mass protests, riots, state-sponsored murders, the Shah declares martial law (or military rule) across the country.

The Islamic Revolution Conquers December 1978 – Revolutionaries declaring that Ayatollah Khomeini supreme leader of Iran. January 1979 – The Shah flees Iran. February 1979 – Khomeini returns April 1, 1979 - The Islamic Republic of Iran is proclaimed following a referendum.

Positive Islamic Revolution Reforms Here are some of the changes instituted after the ascent of the Islamic government in Iran (many of the changes are illustrated in Persepolis): Expansion of education for all Iranians. The teaching of Islam in all schools, the elimination of secularism, and the elimination of American influence on government. Improvement in the infant mortality rate.

Negative Reforms Khomeini ruled with an iron fist: -Death to those who supported/worked with the shah -Women forced to wear chador and walk only with male relative in public -The University of Tehran closed for two years -Newspapers shut down -History books re-written -Schools divided by sex -Many Iranians fled (Westernized intellectuals, those associated with the shah, or those who simply had grown accustomed to the Western style)

Results of the Revolution on Women The revolution repealed many rights that women earned under the Shah. Women were barred from many professions, including politics and sports, and were required to observe Islamic dress code, which includes loose-fitting clothes and a hijaab, or headscarf.

Persepolis (pronounced “PER-SEP-O-LIS” By Marjane Satrapi

About the book The title Persepolis refers to the great Persian Empire’s capital city. The memoir is written in graphic novel form (meaning it’s a really long comic book). The book is split into ten sections, from the end of Islamic Revolution taking power to the Iran-Iraq War. Originally published in French. The 2007 cartoon with the same name received an Oscar nomination for Best Animated Film.

About the author Grew up in Tehran, Iran in 1969 Her family was involved in communist and socialist movements prior to the revolution. She fled Iran at 14 and studied in Vienna. She returned to Iran and earned her Master’s degree in Visual Arts from Islamic Azad University. Satrapi lives in Paris, France and works as a cartoonist and illustrator of children’s books.

Essential Questions How do we form our beliefs in life? Are they set in stone or constantly changing? What does it take to go from being a child to an adult? How does a person survive in and make sense of conflicted world? How does Marjane form her beliefs as she grows up? When does Marjane go from being a child, to a teenager, to an adult? Why? How do Iranians survive the repressive regime in Iran?

Annotation Focus Marijane’s Beliefs: For each reading assignment, note with post-its any new “big idea” she encounters, including where/who it comes from, and what affect it has on her. Note new characters that are introduced to the story. What does Marjane learn from her interaction with them?