Immunity to Infections – SPI XL – 2014-10-14 Smallpox eradication Somalia 1977 [Livestock Cattlepox (Rinderpest)  Widespread vaccination efforts Good management of these diseases was possible because: no antigen variation the disease is highly visible the contagious time from exposure to appearance of symptoms is short no animal reservoir Next major challenges for human health: HIV, Malaria, Mycobacteria tuberculosis The neglected tropical infectious diseases Viruses: Dengue, Rabies. Protozoa: Chagas disease, Human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), Leishmaniases. Helminth: Cysticercosis/Taeniasis, Dracunculiasis (guinea-worm disease), Echinococcosis, Foodborne trematodiases, Lymphatic filariasis, Onchocerciasis , Schistosomiasis, Soil-transmitted helminthiases. Bacteria: Buruli ulcer, Leprosy (Hansen disease), Trachoma, Yaws, Invasive non-typhoidal salmonella disease.

Immunity to Infections – SPI XL – 2014-10-14 Critical need for the diversification of the research and approaches to develop the next generation of vaccines Better understanding of the: infectious pathogens themselves the main orchestrators of the immune response as well as the escape mechanisms developed by the pathogen to circumvent the response The session Immunity to Infection will cover some of these new aspects Adam Cunningham Andrew MacDonald  Bacteria Salmonella Typhimurium Helminth Schistosoma mans Dissect T and B cell Th1 response Solve some mysteries of Th2-polarisation Escape mechanisms: Cerqueira-Rodrigues How Mycobacterium avium controls the thymic development of Tregs Vasco Rodrigues How Leishmania impairs TFh development and germinal centre responses Exploration of new tissues that contribute to the immune response: Luzia Teixeira Adipose Tissue New candidate for vaccination: Pedro Melo How to protects against two pathogens (Streptoccocus and Staphylococcus) with one protein (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase)