CHAPTER 18 COLD WAR CONFLICTS

SECTION 1: ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR

Former Allies Clash Soviet communism – state controls all property and economic activity -> Communist Party is the only political party Vs. Capitalist America- private citizens control most economic activity -> people elect a pres. and Congress from various political parties Stalin had been an ally of Hitler U.S. kept atomic bomb secret

The United Nations Representatives from 50 nations meet in San Francisco to create world peace organization -> United Nations (UN) is created on June 26, 1945

The Potsdam Conference Final wartime conference July 1945 Stalin agrees to allow free elections in E. Europe – vote by secret ballot in multi-party system -> but then breaks his promise

Tension Builds Truman wants to spread democracy Truman does not want Russia to take war reparations from Germany U.S. wants to rebuild Eastern Europe in order to help the American economy Stalin is worried about future invasions from the west -> communist governments are installed in Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Poland (satellite countries) Stalin says war is inevitable

Containment U.S. view Soviets as a real threat George K. Kennan, American diplomat in Moscow, issues a policy of containment -> prevent the extension of communist rule to other countries Europe becomes divided into political regions -> democratic Western Europe vs. communist Eastern Europe -> “Iron Curtain”

Cold War in Europe A conflict between the U.S. and Soviet Union -> no direct fights on the battlefield 1945-1991

The Truman Doctrine Financial support is given to countries to prevent the spread of communism $400 million is given to Turkey and Greece

The Marshall Plan Western Europe had been destroyed Millions were in refugee camps Severe winter 1946-1947 U.S. Secretary of State, George Marshall, proposes giving aid 16 countries receive $13 billion from 1947-1952 and their economies recover

What to do with Germany? Germany had been divided into four zones (U.S., G. Britain, France, Soviet Union) Berlin (East Germany) is divided into two parts (West + East) Stalin decides to take all of Berlin and closes all roads into Western Berlin 2.1 million people only had enough food for 5 weeks

The Berlin Airlift Berlin is controlled by West and East U.S. and G. Britain fly food and supplies into West Berlin Planes landed for 327 days Prestige of the U.S. grow Soviet Union ends the blockade West Germany and East Germany are created Berlin is controlled by West and East

The NATO Alliance Defensive military alliance is created after the Berlin blockade Belgium, Denmark, France, G. Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Holland, Norway, Portugal, U.S., Canada 500,000 troops provide the military support for the alliance

Section 2: The Cold War Heats Up

China Becomes a Communist Country Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-shek -> corrupt Communists led by Mao Zedong helped the peasants -> gain control in the north Which leader is supported by the U.S.?

Civil War in China Nationalists vs. Communists U.S. sends $2 billion worth of military equipment Nationalists lose -> flee to Taiwan Communists take over China Republicans and Democrats criticized Pres. Truman for not doing enough

The Korean War WWII ends -> Japanese surrender to Soviets in the north and to Americans in the South 1948 - Republic of Korea (South) vs. Communist led Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North)

North Korea Attacks South Korea June 1950 United Nations votes to send troops to help South Korea 520,000 troops are sent (90% American)

The United States Fights in Korea MacArthur leads UN army in many successful battles against the North Koreans Communist China sends 300,000 troops to help North Korea Chinese outnumber UN forces 10 to 1 Stalemate for two years Truman rejects MacArthur’s request to use nuclear weapons on China and fires him shortly after

Stalemate July 1953 the war ends Korea remains divided 54,000 Americans die $67 billion Fear of communism increases in America

Section 3 – The Cold War at Home

Journal Have you ever been put in a situation in which your guilt, rather than your innocence, is presumed and you have to try to prove you are innocent? Is it difficult to prove the truth once a lie has been told?

Fear of Communism Communist Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe Communists take over China 100,000 Americans in the Communist Party

Loyalty Review Board Truman is pressured to set up the Loyalty Review Board To investigate govt. employees and fire the disloyal ones 212 of 3.2 million investigated were fired They were not allowed to see evidence

The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) Investigates communist influence in the movie industry Hollywood Ten – ten witness from the movie industry went to jail after refusing to testify Hollywood executives created a blacklist – 500 actors with a communist background lost their jobs 1950 – Congress passes the McCarran Internal Security Act -> any action that could lead to a totalitarian dictatorship in the U.S. was illegal

Soviet Spies Alger Hiss – State Department (foreign policy) official 1949 - Soviets explode atomic bomb 3-5 years ahead of schedule Ethel and Julius Rosenberg – Jewish and members of Communist Party – were found guilty of espionage and sentenced to death

1. What organization does the car represent? 2. What does the cartoon imply about the methods of this organization?

McCarthy Starts His “Witch Hunt” Joseph McCarthy – ineffective senator from Wisconsin who says Communists are taking over the U.S. govt. Tells Senate he knows of thousands of Communists in the State Dept. McCarthyism – accusing people of disloyalty without providing evidence Not reelected after he makes false accusations against the Army

Anti-Communist Measures States make it illegal to advocate the violent overthrow of the govt. Many professions required loyalty oaths

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g_DaMKUP3Og 7;37

Section 3 Questions 1. How did the Loyalty Review Board pose a threat to civil liberties? 2. Why was Hollywood a target for anti-Communist investigations by Congress? 3. Why did the cases of Alger Hiss and the Rosenbergs increase the anti-communist mood of Americans? 4. After watching the cartoon, how would you compare capitalism to communism?

Section 4: Two Nations Live on the Edge

Brinkmanship Soviets develop atomic bomb 1949 Pres. Truman authorizes development of hydrogen bomb (H-bomb) U.S. has H-bomb in 1952 and Soviets follow less than a year later Pres. Eisenhower is influenced by Sec. of State John Foster Dulles (anti-communist) U.S. should go to the edge of an all out war -> contain the spread of communism by promising to use all of its force

Brinkmanship Decrease size of army and navy and expand air force Produce more nuclear bombs

The Cold War Spreads Around the World Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) – 1947 Uses spies to gather information about other countries Conducts covert operations to overthrow governments “unfriendly to the U.S.”

Covert Operations in the Middle East and Latin America 1953 – CIA overthrows Iranian government after fearing that the Iranians would ally themselves with the Soviets 1954 – CIA helps train an army to overthrown the Pres. of Guatemala for being a Communist sympathizer

The Warsaw Pact Soviet Union fears W. Germany after joining NATO and rearming

A Summit in Geneva Eisenhower’s “open skies” proposal is rejected by the Soviet Union

The Suez War 1955 U.S. agrees to help Egypt build a dam on the Nile but withdraws their loan after learning the Soviets also have a deal Egypt nationalizes Suez Canal G. Britain, France, Israel send troops Soviet Union supports Egypt Eisenhower Doctrine – 1957 – U.S. would defend the M. East against an attack by any communist country

The Hungarian Uprising Hungarians revolt and demand a democratic government S. Union crushes it U.S. does not follow the Truman Doctrine in the satellites of the Soviet Union

The Cold War in the Skies Nikita Khrushchev leads Soviet Union when Stalin dies in 1953 Believes communism will take over the world but peacefully

Space Race Soviets launch Sputnik (1957) – the world’s first artificial satellite Americans launch its first satellite in 1958

U-2 Incident CIA makes secret high-altitude flights over Soviet Union to take photos of missile sites Francis Gary Powers, U-2, pilot is brought down by a Soviet plane Eisenhower stops secret flights but no apology Khrushchev calls off meeting with Eisenhower