An Observational Electromyography Study of the Effect of Trunk Flexion in Low-Velocity Frontal Whiplash-Type Impacts Shrawan Kumar, PhD, Robert Ferrari,

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An Observational Electromyography Study of the Effect of Trunk Flexion in Low-Velocity Frontal Whiplash-Type Impacts Shrawan Kumar, PhD, Robert Ferrari, MD, Yogesh Narayan, BSc, PEng Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Volume 87, Issue 4, Pages 496-503 (April 2006) DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2005.12.034 Copyright © 2006 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 The sled device for whiplash-type impacts. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2006 87, 496-503DOI: (10.1016/j.apmr.2005.12.034) Copyright © 2006 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

Fig 2 The positioning of the subjects prior to frontal whiplash-type impacts. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2006 87, 496-503DOI: (10.1016/j.apmr.2005.12.034) Copyright © 2006 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

Fig 3 The sled acceleration impulses for 4 levels of applied acceleration. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2006 87, 496-503DOI: (10.1016/j.apmr.2005.12.034) Copyright © 2006 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

Fig 4 Trunk flexed to left and right. Head acceleration in the x, y, and z axes of 1 subject in response to the level of applied acceleration. The z axis is parallel, the x axis orthogonal, and the y axis vertical to the direction of travel. Legend: Head X, head acceleration in the x axis; Head Y, head acceleration in the y axis; Head Z, head acceleration in the z axis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2006 87, 496-503DOI: (10.1016/j.apmr.2005.12.034) Copyright © 2006 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

Fig 5 Trunk flexed to left and right. Normalized mean peak and average electromyograms (EMG) (percentage of isometric MVC) where the error bars represent standard deviation, and applied acceleration. Abbreviations: LSCM, left sternocleidomastoid; LSPL, left splenius capitis; LTRP, left trapezius; RSCM, right sternocleidomastoid; RSPL, right splenius capitis; RTRP, right trapezius. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2006 87, 496-503DOI: (10.1016/j.apmr.2005.12.034) Copyright © 2006 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions