Why the South? 2. Why has migration become increasingly complex? Key Ideas Content 2a. Global migration patterns are influenced by a multitude of inter-related factors. Changes in the 21st century have increased the complexity of global migration. Flows in South-South corridors are now equal in magnitude to those in South-North corridors.

What is this? What does it show?

International Migrant Flows: UN statistics for 2013 show that South-South international migrant stock now outnumbers that of the South-North flows.

Why do you think flows of South-South migration have increased so considerably and are set to continue? Task: Brainstorm with a partner, to come up with a few suggestions LIDC’s- Low income developing countries EDC’s – Emerging and Developing countries. Note: South and ‘developing’ used interchangeably for this data/lesson. This includes all LIDC’s and some EDC’s.

11/20 concern South-South Migration Study this table. What information can you extract from it? Are there any anomalies?

Country Top Trumps You are going to play a game of Top Trumps with the top 20 migration corridor countries. In doing so you need to try and account for these flows. Here are the rules.

Country Top Trumps Post game reflection: You are going to play a game of Top Trumps with the top 20 migration corridor countries. In doing so you need to try and account for these flows. Post game reflection: Which countries surprised you? What have you discovered about South- South Flows? Why are there so many South-South Flows in comparison to South-North flows? Why is India in 6 of these migration corridors?

Net Migration Countries in the South, World Bank 2010 e.g. high income southern country e.g. advanced countries (AC’s) This table also shows sectoral categories like major manufacturing goods and oil exporters. O- Major Oil exporters M- Major Manufacturing goods exporters R- Major asylum countries e.g. emerging and developing countries (EDC’s) What does this table tell us about South-South migration flows?

same proportion as oil producers. The table on previous slide also includes sectoral categories like major manufactured goods and oil exporters. In this respect, labour demand for oil production is a significant driver of South-South migration. Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, for instance, have many more immigrants (7.3 and 3.3 million, respectively, in 2010) than emigrants (187.7 and 55.9 thousand), and foreign population amounts upto 70% of the labour force in some Gulf countries. Altogether, 8 out of 34 net immigration countries are major oil exporters, five of them being both high-income and affluent economies. Exporters of manufactured goods, like Hong Kong and Singapore, also attract foreign workers, although not in the same proportion as oil producers. 3 Based on Wolfensohn (2007), OECD (2010a) develops a “four-speed” world concept, dividing countries designated as affluent (high-income countries), converging (countries catching up to the living standards of the affluent), struggling (countries facing a middle-income “glass ceiling”), and poor (under the weight of extreme poverty).

South- South Facts: Most migrants from the South can be found in the South e.g. 58.4 million migrants from developing countries stay in the South (South-South), v’s 56 million South to North. Only 5 million go from developed to developing countries (North-South). South- South migrants more likely to move for job prospects as opposed to income level. South-South migration not always first choice for migrants (i.e. a significant number would go South-North by choice). Why are South-South flows even trickier to estimate than South- North flows? Estimating South-South flows is even tricker than in the case of developed countries as borders are generally more porous than in the North, and statistical systems subject to more deficiencies. What might prevent migrants from going South-North?

Reasons for South- South: Restrictive administrative barriers for migrants from the South attempting to enter the North; often in response they redirect their migration to another South country. The number of fast-growing economies in the South which offer employment opportunities and are increasingly accessible. Increased awareness of opportunities in the South resulting from improved communications and developing social and business networks. Demographics – e.g.. Africa population boom= high levels of labour market competition for young adults. Preventative costs of moving to more distant richer countries. Environmental changes can force migration e.g. deterioration of the natural environment in Sahelian countries. Estimating South-South flows is even tricker than in the case of developed countries as borders are generally more porous than in the North, and statistical systems subject to more deficiencies.

Homework: Read pages 226-227 of the text book and make relevant notes. Stretch and challenge- read and highlight the article entitled ‘Social challenges of South-South migration’ (Firefly). Create case studies of South-South migration for the two examples shown on next 2 slides.

Examples of South-South Flows: Burkino Faso to Ivory Coast (page 227) http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/burkina-faso-testing-tradition-circular-migration https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/apr/18/burkina-faso-and-mali-brace-for-ivory-coast-refugees

Examples of South-South Flows: Myanmar to Thailand (page 227) http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/opening-burmese-borders-impacts-migration https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V9rUP6lZ45g