RECONSTRUCTION What were the most significant political, social and economic effects of the Civil War?

President Johnson’s Plan Lincoln’s 10% Plan 1) When 10% of voting pop. takes an oath of loyalty, that state can begin re-admission to US 2) When state adopts 13th Amendment, it will be readmitted and confederates get a pardon Radical Republicans say not tough enough! Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth before plan takes effect President Johnson’s Plan Similar to Lincoln’s but high-ranking officials must directly ask for pardon Johnson pardons 13K, “White men alone must manage South” – Rad Reps furious!

Radical Republicans Plan 1) Freedman’s Bureau – Gov agency to help ex-slaves (Johnson vetoes, Congress overrides veto) 2) Civil Rights Act of 1866 - forbids discriminatory laws (Johnson vetoes, Congress overrides) 3) 14th Amendment: all people born in US (or naturalized) are citizens, states can’t deny rights to citizens 4) 15th Amendment: citizen cannot be denied right to vote based on race

Reconstruction & Impeachment Southerners not obeying new laws passed by Rad Reps Reconstruction Act divides south into 5 military zones until they ratify 14th & 15th Amendments & follow new laws Johnson vetoes, Congress overrides & then pass laws limiting Presidential power, Johnson defies the new laws Johnson impeached by House of Reps, found not guilty in the Senate – Johnson remains in office

Post War Elections Ulysses S. Grant, wins presidency, 500K blacks vote 1870: Hiram Revels: 1st African American Senator 16 Af-Americans elected to House of Reps during Reconstruction

Economy of the “New South” So. economy struggles, high inflation, low property values Scalawags (poor southerners) resent Carpetbaggers from North moving to South to take advantage of low prices Republicans want to fix economy by creating public works jobs Democrats (former Confederates) oppose Rep. plan – favor sharecropping, encourage freed slaves to return to plantation

End of Reconstruction Ku Klux Klan (KKK) uses scare tactics, kills 20K Panic of 1873 allows So. Democrats regain power, pass Black Codes (jobs/property) – stop money for Freedman’s Bureau 1876 Election: dispute over who won most electoral votes Compromise of 1877: Southern Democrats will vote for Republican Rutherford Hayes if he ends Reconstruction Hayes ends reconstruction, South begins passing Jim Crow Laws (legal segregation & poll taxes)