The work due for today is… FLIP LEARNING TASKS: Due today: The work due for today is… I will come round and check your diagrams and give a prize for the most creative! Add here

In what ways and how effectively was England governed under Henry VIII? Good learning: Understand the Elton vs. Starkey debate Great learning: Explain what happened to government and parliament under Cromwell Even better: Evaluate whether there was a revolution in government Key Words: In what ways and how effectively was England governed during this period? How important was the role of key individuals and groups and how were they affected by developments?

Tudor revolution in government: The Debate For your homework you were asked to look at the debate on whether Cromwell brought about changes to the structure in government that amounted to a revolution. This is because some have argued that he managed to change a system from one where the monarch was directly involved in the decisions through the royal court, to one which is regarded as a ‘bureaucratic government’ (which has specialised departments and trained officials to manage routine matters). Throughout the course of this lesson you will decide on whether a revolution took place or not. TASK: In order to come to a conclusion on whether there was a revolution in government you will need to firstly understand what revolution means and secondly, if there was a revolution in government what would you expect to see? Define – Revolution and government Criteria – What would you expect to see if there was a revolution in government. We will need to look at the government, the power of the monarch during this time and also the role of parliament. UNDERSTAND the Elton vs. Starkey debate EXPLAIN what happened to government and parliament under Cromwell EVALUATE whether there was a revolution in government

Tudor revolution in government: The Debate UNDERSTAND the Elton vs. Starkey debate EXPLAIN what happened to government and parliament under Cromwell EVALUATE whether there was a revolution in government

Tudor revolution in government: The Debate There is some agreement amongst historians in that new institutions did emerge and government expanded to cope with the changes brought about by Henry VIiI’s decision to break away from the Pope’s control to get the divorce he needed. However, where things start to differ is over the degree or change and whether Cromwell is fully responsible for the changes that take place. Full extent Large extent Moderate extent Small extent No extent Council (p.88) Finance (p.89) Monarch’s power (pp.89-90) Parliament (pp.90-91) TASK: Create a bar chart, that determines how far there was a ‘revolution’ in the different sections of the government. Below the bar chart, justify your score using your homework and the textbook. UNDERSTAND the Elton vs. Starkey debate EXPLAIN what happened to government and parliament under Cromwell EVALUATE whether there was a revolution in government

Was a revolution in government Was not a revolution in government Cromwell also came from a humble background – dad was a blacksmith. When he becomes Arch Bishop of Canterbury it is noted that he was a ‘ruffian… in his younger days’ COUNCIL During Henry’s reign, the Royal Council (a large group of leading nobles, clergy and members of the King’s household) transformed into the Privy Council. This was a much smaller group of around 20 members. The Privy Council contained mainly trained lawyers and administrators, rather than the traditional noble families.   There is a case to be made that this was in fact Wolsey’s idea, as early as 1526- and not Cromwell’s. Other historians argue that these changes did not really begin until after Cromwell’s death in 1540.

Was a revolution in government Was not a revolution in government FINANCE Cromwell created new financial institutions, including: -Court of Augmentations (controlled the land once under the control of the Church) -Court of First Fruits and Tenths (collected money previously sent to the Pope) -Court of Wards (helped Henry to maximise his money from wardship)   Cromwell largely continued with Henry VII’s approach of managing finances from the Privy Chamber. Henry VII had created a Master of the King’s Wards well before Cromwell’s creation of the Court of Wards.

Was a revolution in government Was not a revolution in government POWER OF THE MONARCH The power of the monarch increased as Henry became Head of the Church: in the introduction to the Act in Restraint of Appeals (1533), Cromwell wrote that everyone owed the King (who was chosen by God) total obedience; all power derived from the King. The Act of Union with Wales (1536) reorganised local government in Wales and the Marches, giving the monarch greater control. An Act against Liberties and Franchises restricted the special powers of regional nobles, such as the Prince Bishop of Durham.   The power of the monarch was immense even before Cromwell’s changes. These powers included significant influence over appointments to church positions and emergency taxation.

Was a revolution in government Was not a revolution in government PARLIAMENT Parliament began to play a central role in the political system. This was because Henry needed it to agree to the various Acts confirming his Supremacy over the Church. It met for an unbroken period between 1529 and 1536. By the end of this period, it was accepted that statute law (law made by Parliament with the King’s consent) represented ultimate authority in England. The dissolution of the monasteries meant that abbots were no longer represented in the Lords. This meant clergy were in a minority in the upper house for the first time.  PARLIAMENT Parliament was still dependent on the King. It could not call or prorogue itself. When parliament was not sitting the King could still govern by Proclamation. In the 1540s the King did not call Parliament frequently The increase in the power of Parliament was only temporary: this was not a lasting change. It occurred only because Henry needed Parliament to enact his religious changes. This is evident from Elizabeth I’s reign, during which Parliament’s role was very limited.   the Church, whilst not part of Christendom still had its own finance system and courts

Assess how convincing the argument in this extract is in relation to the existence of a Tudor revolution in government in the time of Thomas Cromwell The changes in government under Cromwell were revolutionary, if that term may be applied to any changes which profoundly affect the constitution and government of a state even when no systematic and entire destruction was involved. The essential ingredient of the Tudor revolution was the concept of national sovereignty which Cromwell summarised in the Act of Appeals of 1533 by using the phrase ‘this realm of England is an empire’. Previous kings like Edward I had claimed to rule an empire but the meaning here is different. Instead of a claim based on ruling a large extent of land, the Act said that Henry was the ‘one supreme Head and King’. The royal supremacy over the Church virtually replaced the Pope in England by the King but the Reformation statutes demonstrate that the political sovereignty created in the 1530s was a parliamentary one. Cromwell’s administrative reforms – like the Privy Council – provided the machinery for the new state that he had started to construct. Adapted from Geoffrey Elton, England under the Tudors, 1974 TASK: Complete the worksheet you have been given to decide overall how convincing you find this view. UNDERSTAND the Elton vs. Starkey debate EXPLAIN what happened to government and parliament under Cromwell EVALUATE whether there was a revolution in government

There was not a revolution There was a revolution To what extent was there a revolution in government? There was not a revolution There was a revolution UNDERSTAND the Elton vs. Starkey debate EXPLAIN what happened to government and parliament under Cromwell EVALUATE whether there was a revolution in government

The work due in for next lesson is as follows: FLIP LEARNING TASK: 1. Find out what factionalism is. 2. You will need to use pages 105-107 to answer the following questions: How did the fall of Cromwell come about? How did Cromwell’s enemies help to secure his fate? Why was Cromwell put to death? Overall, what sort of person was Cromwell? (You also need to be filling in your revision grids for both Tudor and America ready for gradebook) The work due in for next lesson is as follows: