LOCOMOTION

LOCOMOTION Is the ability of an organism to move from place to place

Sessile – organism tends to remain attached to one place

Motile- ability to move from place to place

ENDOSKELETON Some organisms have an endoskeleton which is located on the inside of the organism and is made of bone and or cartilage Example : humans, dogs, monkeys

EXOSKELETON Some organisms have an exoskeleton which is located outside of the organism Example: grasshopper has an exoskeleton made of chitin

ADVANTAGES OF LOCOMOTION Increases chances of finding food

Increases chances of escaping enemies

Increases chances or finding shelter

Increases chances of finding a mate

Increases chances of overall survival

ADAPTATIONS OF LOCOMOTION Protists may have cilia which are short hair like structures,.

flagella which are long whip like tails

Or pseudopods which are temporary projections of cytoplasm

Adaptations Earthworms move by the action of muscles and setae which are bristle like projections.

ADAPTATIONS Grasshoppers have an exoskeleton made of chitin, jointed appendages and muscles for movement.

HYDRA Hydra are mostly sessile but at times they glide on their base or somersault.

Human locomotion includes the interaction of bones, cartilage, muscles, tendons, ligaments and nerves

BONES Bones are made of living cells surrounded by a non-living substance that is secreted by bone cells Bone cells are called osteocytes

FUNCTION OF BONES Support and protect body structures Place for muscle attachment Act as levers to produce body movements Produce blood cells in the marrow

CARTILAGE Flexible, fibrous and elastic tissue The human embryo is made of cartilage which is replaced by bone

FUNCTION OF CARTILAGE Allows flexibility of the joints Cushions against impact or pressure Supports structures but allows bending ( ears, nose, trachea)

MUSCLE Tissue made of cells that have the ability to contract

TYPES OF MUSCLES SKELETAL Has a striated (striped) appearance Is under conscious control It is used to make voluntary movement Examples: legs, arms, fingers

SMOOTH MUSCLE Does not have striations Is involuntary – is not under conscious control Examples: digestive system, diaphragm, blood vessels

CARDIAC MUSCLE Found only in the heart Has striations Involuntary

TENDONS Tough, inelastic connective tissue Connects muscles to bones

LIGAMENTS Tough elastic connective tissue They connect bone to bone

Malfunctions of Muscular and Skeletal System

ARTHRITIS Swelling of the joints of the body , causing pain

SCOLIOSIS Abnormal curvature of the spine

GOUT Disease caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals at the ends of bones causing swelling and pain

MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY Genetic disorder that caused the deterioration of muscle tissue

FRACTURE Break in the bone Compound fracture- broken bone pushed through the skin

SPRAIN Stretched or torn ligaments

OSTEOPOROSIS Thinning of the bones which break easily

TENDONITIS Inflammation of the tendon