In vivo fluorescence reflectance imaging of protease activity in a mouse model of post- traumatic osteoarthritis P.B. Satkunananthan, M.J. Anderson, N.M.

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In vivo fluorescence reflectance imaging of protease activity in a mouse model of post- traumatic osteoarthritis P.B. Satkunananthan, M.J. Anderson, N.M. De Jesus, D.R. Haudenschild, C.M. Ripplinger, B.A. Christiansen Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Volume 22, Issue 10, Pages 1461-1469 (October 2014) DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.07.011 Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Tibial compression setup for non-invasive knee injury. A single dynamic axial compressive load was applied at 1 mm/s to the right lower leg to a target compressive force of 12 N to produce ACL rupture. For uninjured mice, sham injury was performed by applying a 1–2 N compressive load. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 1461-1469DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.07.011) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 (A) Imaging positions for mice in the IVIS Spectrum system. Each mouse was imaged twice at each time point in two different positions, and results from the two images were averaged for each mouse/time point. (B) Regions of interest for quantifying fluorescent signals in each knee. The ROI was a uniform circle of 12.3 mm2 that was anatomically selected around the knee on a grayscale photograph of the mice, such that the selection criteria were unbiased by the fluorescent signals. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 1461-1469DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.07.011) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 (Left) Trabecular bone volume of interest from the femoral epiphysis. (Right) Uninjured and injured mouse knees at 56 days post-injury. Considerable osteophyte formation and joint degeneration are apparent on the injured knee. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 1461-1469DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.07.011) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Representative pseudo-colored images of male and female mice imaged with each of the fluorescent tracers at 3 and 14 days post-injury. Protease activity (ProSense 680), MMP activity (MMPSense 680), and cathepsin K activity (CatK 680 FAST) were all significantly increased in the injured knee compared to the contralateral knee at all time points. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 1461-1469DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.07.011) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 (A–C) Total radiant efficiency values from each fluorescent activatable probe at each time point of interest (n = 16 mice/time point for Injured and Contralateral data, n = 6 for Sham data). (D–F) Normalized time course of total radiant efficiency (fluorescence intensity: injured knee/contralateral knee) for the three probes. Normalized fluorescence levels of MMPSense and ProSense were elevated from days 1 through 14, and decreased slightly at later time points while still remaining significantly elevated compared to uninjured limbs (above 1.0). CatK 680 FAST signals were increased in both the injured and contralateral knees at days 3–7, suggesting a systemic bone loss at these time points. All data presented as mean ± 95% confidence interval. *Injured > Contralateral (P < 0.05). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 1461-1469DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.07.011) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 (A, C, D) MicroCT analysis of femoral epiphysis trabecular bone structural parameters from injured and contralateral joints and (B) osteophyte volume of injured joints at 56 days post-injury (n = 8 mice/sex). No significant differences were observed for any parameters between males and females in adaptation to injury. All data presented as mean ± 95% confidence interval. *Injured vs Contralateral (P < 0.05), # Male vs Female (P < 0.05). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 1461-1469DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.07.011) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 7 Whole-joint histology of the medial aspect of injured and contralateral joints at 56 days post-injury (n = 8 mice/sex for Injured data, n = 6 mice for Uninjured data). Injured joints exhibited considerable deterioration of articular cartilage and subchondral bone, often including full loss of thickness and erosion of subchondral bone, representative of severe progressive OA (B–D). The anterior portion of the tibial plateau was not noticeably damaged, while the posterior tibial plateau exhibited erosion extended down to the growth plate. Articular cartilage grading revealed severe OA on both the tibial plateau and femoral condyle (A). No significant differences were observed between male and female mice. All data presented as mean ± 95% confidence interval. *Injured vs Contralateral (P < 0.05). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 1461-1469DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.07.011) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions