11-3 How Should We Manage and Sustain Marine Fisheries? Concept 11-3 Sustaining marine fisheries will require improved monitoring of fish and shellfish populations, cooperative fisheries management among communities and nations, reduction of fishing subsidies, and careful consumer choices in seafood markets.

Estimating and Monitoring Fishery Populations Is the First Step Recall that fisheries are _____________________ areas of a particular wild aquatic species suitable for commercial harvest concentrated

Estimating and Monitoring Fishery Populations Is the First Step If not managed properly, the fisheries can run out of fish and ___________________ collapse Which 10 year period do you think shows the greatest decline? 1970 - 1980

Estimating and Monitoring Fishery Populations Is the First Step The first step in protecting and sustaining our fisheries is to make the best possible __________________ of their fish and shellfish populations The traditional estimation approach determines a ___________________ sustained yield (MSY) The max. number of individuals that can be harvested annually without causing a population drop It is difficult to estimate this ______________ and affects populations of ______________ species estimates maximum exactly other

Estimating and Monitoring Fishery Populations Is the First Step It may be better to use an _________________ sustained yield (OSY) leaves room for ______________ A third approach is called ____________________ management Focuses on a number of species and their ____________________ and ________________________ interactions A fourth approach uses __________________ models to manage large marine systems May involve cooperation among many nations optimum error multispecies competitive predator-prey computer

Estimating and Monitoring Fishery Populations Is the First Step Since we have _________________ data on aquatic biodiversity and changing ocean conditions, scientists recommend using the precautionary principle manage our fish populations This may involve ___________________ our fish harvests and ________________ some areas until they recover and we have more information limited reducing closing

Some Communities Cooperate to Regulate Fish Harvests In addition to estimating our fish populations accurately, we also need to __________________ fishing Many communities use ____________________ systems to sustain fisheries Each fisher gets a share of the total catch Successful in Norway and requires _______ government involvement regulate catch-share no

Some Communities Cooperate to Regulate Fish Harvests The influx of large modern fishing boats and fishing fleets has weakened the ability of many coastal communities to sustain their local fisheries ______________________ of the fisheries with the ________________ is often needed Government sets _________________ for species and divides the quotas among communities Limits fishing ___________________ Regulates fishing ___________ that can be used Co-management government quotas seasons gear

Government Subsidies Can Encourage Overfishing Currently, governments around the world give a total of ______________________ dollars per year in subsidies to fishers to keep their businesses running About ________ billion is used for necessary supplies and management Scientists argue that the remaining amount simply __________________ expansion and overfishing “too many boats chasing too few fish” 30 – 34 billion 20 promotes

Consumer Choices Can Help to Sustain Fisheries and Aquatic Biodiversity An important component of sustaining aquatic biodiversity will involve __________________ pressure from consumers demanding ____________________ seafood Need _________________ to inform consumers how and where fish was caught 1999: Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) ________________ sustainably produced seafood “Fish Forever” eco-label bottom-up sustainable labels Certifies

Consumer Choices Can Help to Sustain Fisheries and Aquatic Biodiversity Sustainable practices should also be used in fish farming practices…also called __________________ “Agriculture for fish” aquaculture

Consumer Choices Can Help to Sustain Fisheries and Aquatic Biodiversity Individuals can help by selecting ___________ - eating fish species, like tilapia Carnivorous fish raised in fish farms are fed ________________ made from wild-caught fish plant fishmeal

Bycatch Fishery Regulations Economic Approaches Aquaculture Solutions Managing Fisheries Bycatch Fishery Regulations Use nets that allow escape of smaller fish Set low catch limits Improve monitoring and enforcement Use net escape devices for seabirds and sea turtles Economic Approaches Reduce or eliminate fishing subsidies Aquaculture Certify sustainable fisheries Restrict coastal locations of fish farms Improve pollution control Protect Areas Establish no-fishing areas Figure 11.11: There are a number of ways to manage fisheries more sustainably and protect marine biodiversity. Questions: Which four of these solutions do you think are the most important? Why? Nonnative Invasions Establish more marine protected areas Kill or filter organisms from ship ballast water Consumer Information Dump ballast water at sea and replace with deep-sea water Label sustainably harvested fish Publicize overfished and threatened species Fig. 11-11, p. 267

Review Question 1 What different methods can we use to estimate fish populations? Maximum sustained yield Optimum sustained yield Multispecies Management Computer Models – large marine systems

Review Question 2 How do catch share systems work? And co-management groups? Fishers share a portion of the total catch Government helps to regulate fishing by setting quotas, season, and gear limitations

Review Question 3 How can consumers get involved in sustaining aquatic biodiversity? Demanding for and selecting sustainable seafood Consume plant-eating fish or fish forever label