Unity and Sectionalism Chapter 11 Lesson 3 Essential Question: Why does conflict develop? Learning Goal: SWBAT compare issues regarding the power of the federal government and states, analyze and evaluate the consequences of landmark Supreme Court decisions, summarize the Missouri Compromise, analyze the causes and effects of sectionalism, explain how Florida became part of the US, and identify points of view of important leaders of the time period.

National Unity After the War of 1812, intense division of the United States seemed to be over Election of 1816: James Monroe, Republican, had no serious opponent A time period known as “The Era of Good Feelings” Republicans now supported the power of the federal government over states’ rights This helped guide the United States through this time of “good feelings”

Henry Clay’s American System Republican & Speaker of the House Proposed the American System Would help the economy in each section of the country and increase the power of the federal government Wanted: Higher tariffs New Bank of the United States Internal improvements like roads, canals, and bridges Congress did not agree with all of his ideas Did not spend money on internal improvements VIDEO

The Second Bank of the United States First bank charter ended in 1811, Congress did not renew the charter 1816: Congress created the Second Bank of the United States State banks gave too many loans Caused inflation (money was not worth as much and prices of goods rose) Without a national bank, there was nowhere for the US government to manage their funds The Second Bank of the United States restored order to the money supply which helped business grow

Competition from Britain After the Industrial Revolution, Britain was able to produce goods faster, had cheaper prices, and at a higher quality than the US British companies were trying to keep US companies from being able to compete with them

New Tariffs Tariff of 1816 Designed to help protect American manufacturers from foreign competition by placing high taxes on imported goods Foreign goods were more expensive for people to buy Tariffs of 1818 & 1824 made goods even more expensive Some Americans protested Southerners felt the tariffs protected Northerners more

Growing Sectionalism Tariff disputes caused sectionalism within the United States Brought an end to the Era of Good Feelings Three sections developed in the early 1800s North: New England & Mid-Atlantic States- Leader was Webster South: What is now the Southeast- Leader was Calhoun West: area between the Appalachians & Mississippi River- Leader was Clay All sections were different based on geography, economics, and history of the regions

Nationalism & the Supreme Court Fletcher vs. Peck, 1810 The Supreme Court ruled that the courts could declare acts of a state government void if they violated provisions of the Constitution McCulloch vs. Maryland, 1819 The state of Maryland could not tax the local office of the Bank of the United States because it was the property of the federal government Gibbons vs. Ogden, 1824 Only Congress had the power to make laws governing interstate commerce.

Missouri Statehood 1819: Missouri Territory asked permission to become a state Most settlers believed slavery should be legal in Missouri Others did not agree James Tallmadge proposed Missouri gradually abolish slavery in order to be admitted There was a fear that if Missouri was a free state then the northern states would have a majority over the southern states

Missouri Compromise Suggested by Henry Clay Maine can enter as a free state, Missouri can enter as a slave state Would keep an even balance in the Senate Addressed slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Territory A line was drawn west from the southern boundary of Missouri- at 36˚30’N latitude. Blocked slavery north of the line but permitted it south of the line The compromise was only a temporary solution to the real problem: Slavery

Foreign Affairs US believed the Louisiana Purchase included West Florida (strip from Louisiana to Florida-Alabama line) Spain believed the land still belonged to them 1810: US group captures Spanish fort, San Carlos, in Baton Rouge Declared independence of the “Republic of West Florida” President Madison claims more land for the US Spain was not happy but did not fight this because they were at war with France Spain still controlled the rest of Florida Slaves often fled to Spanish Florida for freedom

Foreign Affairs Many Creek Indians also retreated to Florida when their western lands were taken by settlers and united with runaway slaves They renamed themselves Seminoles meaning “runaway”

Invasion of Florida Seminoles & Americans in Georgia fought often against each other 1818: John C. Calhoun (Sec. of War) orders General Andrew Jackson to stop the Seminole raids Jackson seized St. Marks and Pensacola Spain was furious but realized they could not defeat Jackson and the US 1819: Adams-Onís Treaty is signed Spain ceded Florida to the United States

Spain Loses Power 1810: Priest Miguel Hidalgo led a rebellion in Mexico calling for racial equality Spain captured Hidalgo and executed him 1821: Mexico earned its independence from Spain

The Monroe Doctrine VIDEO 1822: four European countries planned to help Spain regain its American holdings France, Austria, Russia, Prussia President Monroe was very nervous about European involvement in the US December 2, 1823: The United States would not get involved in the internal affairs or wars in Europe. It also said North & South America are “henceforth not to be considered subjects for future colonization by any European powers”. This was known as the Monroe Doctrine and would guide American foreign policy for decades