Inhibition of JNK signaling sensitizes mammary tumors and metastases to chemotherapy Inhibition of JNK signaling sensitizes mammary tumors and metastases.

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Inhibition of JNK signaling sensitizes mammary tumors and metastases to chemotherapy Inhibition of JNK signaling sensitizes mammary tumors and metastases to chemotherapy AExperimental scheme to determine whether JNK signaling promotes resistance to chemotherapy. MDA231‐LM2 or SUM159‐LM1 cells were implanted bilaterally into the fourth mammary fat pads of NSG mice. Treatment with JNKi was initiated at day 5 post‐implantation and repeated every 3 days; paclitaxel chemotherapy was started at day 10 post‐implantation and repeated every 5 days.BMammary tumor growth curves in NSG mice implanted with MDA231‐LM2 or SUM159‐LM1 cells and treated with paclitaxel as single agent or in combination with JNKi. Each value represents the mean ± SEM. MDA231‐LM2: n = 12 tumors per group. SUM159‐LM1: vehicle, JNKi, and PAX n = 12 tumors per group; PAX + JNKi n = 10 tumors. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. P‐values were determined by two‐tailed Mann–Whitney test.CMetastatic burden in lungs of MDA231‐LM2 and SUM159‐LM1 tumor‐bearing mice treated with paclitaxel as single therapy or in combination with JNKi. Each value represents the mean ± SEM. MDA231‐LM2 tumor‐bearing mice: n = 6 mice per group. SUM159‐LM1 tumor‐bearing mice: vehicle, JNKi, and PAX n = 6 mice per group; PAX + JNKi n = 5. Ten fields were quantified per lung section. FOV, field of view; LS, lung section; PAX, paclitaxel. P‐values were determined by two‐tailed Mann–Whitney test.DRepresentative histological images of metastatic foci (arrows) in lungs of the MDA231‐LM2‐implanted mice described in panel (C), stained for human vimentin expression in differentially treated groups. Scale bar, 100 μm.EApoptosis was determined by quantification of TUNEL‐positive cells per field of view (FOV) in MDA231‐LM2 tumors (from the animals described in (C)) treated with JNKi and/or PAX. Values are means from six mice per condition ± SEM. P‐values were determined by two‐tailed Mann–Whitney test.FGSEA showing enrichment of the JNK signature in tumor samples from breast cancer patients from the TOP trial (GSE16446), stratified according to pathological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. NES, normalized enrichment score. pCR, pathological complete response. P‐value was determined by random permutation test.G, HKaplan–Meier analyses of chemotherapy‐treated breast cancer patients associating JNK signature (JNK‐S) with metastasis‐free survival (TOP trial data set, JNK‐S low n = 54 patients; JNK‐S high n = 53 patients (G)) or overall survival (METABRIC data set, JNK‐S low n = 135 patients; JNK‐S high n = 135 patients (H)). HR, hazard ratio. P‐values were determined by log‐rank test.IModel illustrating the link between stress‐induced ECM, stem cell, and wound healing network and metastatic progression and therapy resistance in breast cancer. Jacob Insua‐Rodríguez et al. EMBO Mol Med. 2018;emmm.201809003 © as stated in the article, figure or figure legend