July 11, 2006 Review of European Small Boiler Regulation and Technology Louis Fontaine Department of Environmental Protection Augusta ME (207)

July 11, 2006 Overview European Test Method European Test Method Emissions Standard Emissions Standard Technology Technology Effect on Competition and Innovation Effect on Competition and Innovation

July 11, 2006 EU Standard EN Adopted 1999 Adopted 1999 Solid Fuel Boilers Up to 300 kW ( 1 MMBtu) Solid Fuel Boilers Up to 300 kW ( 1 MMBtu) Applies to fossil and biogenic fuels Applies to fossil and biogenic fuels Coal, logs, pellet, chips, etc Coal, logs, pellet, chips, etc Automatic and hand stoked Automatic and hand stoked Construction Standards, Test Method and Emission Standard Construction Standards, Test Method and Emission Standard

July 11, 2006 EN Test Method Two Firing Rates Two Firing Rates Nominal and 30% load Nominal and 30% load 50% load allowed for hand stoked models 50% load allowed for hand stoked models Logwood Fuel Logwood Fuel Can be Soft Wood or Hard Wood Can be Soft Wood or Hard Wood Net (lower) calorific value (waterfree) Net (lower) calorific value (waterfree) Hardwood – 18,000 kJ/kg Hardwood – 18,000 kJ/kg

July 11, 2006 EN Test Method Parameters Measured Parameters Measured CO 2 or O 2 CO 2 or O 2 CO CO Organic Carbon (OGC) Organic Carbon (OGC) Dust (Particulates) Dust (Particulates) NOx when applicable NOx when applicable Efficiency Efficiency Ratio of delivered useful heat output to heat input Ratio of delivered useful heat output to heat input

July 11, 2006 EN Test Method Measurement Type Measurement Type All parameters are monitored continuously All parameters are monitored continuously ECXEPT ECXEPT Dust Dust Minimum of 4 individual 30-minute samples Minimum of 4 individual 30-minute samples

July 11, 2006 EN Test Report Example Dust NOx OGC

July 11, 2006 EN Test Method Passing Grade Varies by: Passing Grade Varies by: Boiler Class: 1, 2 or 3 Boiler Class: 1, 2 or 3 1 = dirtiest; 3 = cleanest 1 = dirtiest; 3 = cleanest Boiler Size Boiler Size Fuel: Biogenic v. Fossil Fuel: Biogenic v. Fossil Stoking: Manual v. Automatic Stoking: Manual v. Automatic

July 11, 2006 EN Emission Limits

July 11, 2006 EN Efficiency Requirement Measured and calculated similar to ASTM Measured and calculated similar to ASTM Varies by size, stoking and boiler class Varies by size, stoking and boiler class Feed Method 10kW200kW Hand-stoked Class 3 73%83% Hand-stoked Class 1 53%62%

July 11, 2006 EN vs. ASTM Europe North America Mostly Indoor Boilers Mostly Outdoor Boilers Logwood Fuel 4 X 4 Several Species Oak 2 Firing Rates 4 Firing rates 4 Discreet PM samples 1 PM sample over entire test run

July 11, 2006 Europe vs. North America Pollutant Modified M-28 Advance (Class 3) Wood Boiler c Particulates mg/MJ a mg/MJ b 60 mg/MJ ( Austrian Class 3 ) a.Intertek Results for Brian b.Intertek Results for Rick EN Class 1 Boiler Class 3 Boiler CO mg/m mg/m 3 TOC 1750 mg/m mg/m mg/m 3

July 11, 2006 Advanced European Small Boiler Ceramic Lined Firebox Ceramic Lined Firebox Downdraft Air Downdraft Air Air Supply Controlled by Electronic O 2 Sensor Air Supply Controlled by Electronic O 2 Sensor Separate Water Heat Exchange Separate Water Heat Exchange Separate Heat Accumulator Separate Heat Accumulator

July 11, 2006 HS Tarm Solo Plus Ceramic Firebox Down Draft Air Secondary Air Fire Tube Heat Exchange Lamda O 2 Controller

July 11, 2006 HS Tarm Solo

July 11, 2006 Heiztechnik-Guntamatic

How Do We Handel Difference In Test Methods Apples and Oranges or Macintoshes and Granny Smiths Macintoshes and Granny Smiths Before and After cases from European

July 11, 2006 Swedish Boiler Study Particulate Emissions d Old-type water-cooled boiler with up-draught combustion 87 – 2200 mg/MJ Modern ceramic wood boiler with down-draught combustion mg/MJ d.Emission characteristics of modern and old-type residential boilers fired with wood logs and wood pellets, L.S. Johansson et al. / Atmospheric Environment 38 (2004) 4183–4195

July 11, 2006 European Particulate Emission Estimate e Logwood Hand Stoked Boiler kg/GJ Hand Stoked Class 3 Boiler kg/GJ Removal Efficiency 92% e.Wood Combustion in Domestic Appliances Prepared in the Framework of EGTEI, Final background document version 2: 12/10/2005, Prepared by CITEPA, Paris

July 11, 2006 Result of Strict Regulations and Incentives in Austria 30% of Households Heat with Wood 30% of Households Heat with Wood Logwood Boiler Efficiency Improved Logwood Boiler Efficiency Improved 1982 – 61% 1982 – 61% 2000 – 90% 2000 – 90% 10,000 Advanced Wood Boiler Installed Each Year 10,000 Advanced Wood Boiler Installed Each Year

July 11, 2006 Result of Strict Regulations and Incentives in Austria AFB-net Newsletter, September, 1998,

July 11, 2006 Result of Strict Regulations and Incentives in Austria AFB-net Newsletter, September, 1998,

July 11, 2006 Result of Strict Regulations and Incentives in Austria energytech.at –Solid Biomass, a Technology Portrait Vienna, August 2000 Average Cost of Logwood Heating System Average Cost of Logwood Heating System $7,500 U.S. Dollars

July 11, 2006 Future Prospects Existing Technology Can Improve Performance and Increase Efficiency Existing Technology Can Improve Performance and Increase Efficiency Europe Can Provide A Model For Industry and Government Europe Can Provide A Model For Industry and Government Wood Boiler Sales Can Increase While Emissions Decrease Wood Boiler Sales Can Increase While Emissions Decrease