7-July-2007 Project: IEEE P802.15 Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) Submission Title: [DecaWave Proposal for TG3c Alternative PHY] Date Submitted: [2007-July-9th] Source: [Michael Mc Laughlin, Brian Gaffney] Company [DecaWave] Address [25 Meadowfield, Sandyford, Dublin 18, Ireland] Voice:[+353 87 688 2514], FAX: [none], E-Mail:[michael.mclaughlin@decawave.com, brian.gaffney@decawave.com] Re: [Response to Call for Proposals] Abstract: [Alternative PHY Proposal for TG3c] Purpose: [To assist TG3c in selecting a mm Wave PHY] Notice: This document has been prepared to assist the IEEE P802.15. It is offered as a basis for discussion and is not binding on the contributing individual(s) or organization(s). The material in this document is subject to change in form and content after further study. The contributor(s) reserve(s) the right to add, amend or withdraw material contained herein. Release: The contributor acknowledges and accepts that this contribution becomes the property of IEEE and may be made publicly available by P802.15. Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

Outline: Modulation Scheme 7-July-2007 Outline: Modulation Scheme Low complexity, high performance base mode Base mode, 1.4 Gbps, enables non coherent receivers simple, inexpensive devices can receive the same signal as more robust, coherent receivers Two higher bit-rate modes, 2.8 Gbps and 4.2 Gbps are derived from this base mode Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

Outline: AWGN Performance 7-July-2007 Outline: AWGN Performance Parameter Low Base High Rate Very High Rate Non Coherent Bit Rate 67Mb/s 1.4Gb/s 2.8Gb/s 4.2Gb/s Operating range (LOS) 51.6m 88m 50.2m 30.4m 13.3m Operating range (NLOS) - 25m 15.9m 10.6m Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

Outline: Channel Model Performance 7-July-2007 Outline: Channel Model Performance Parameter Base High Rate Very High Rate Bit Rate 1.4Gb/s 2.8Gb/s 4.2Gb/s Operating range (CM1.3 LOS) 88m 50m 29m Operating range (CM3.1 LOS) 78m 43m 24m Operating range (CM2.3 NLOS) 20m 9.5m - Equalisation: Decision Feedback <20 Taps Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

System Design 8-QAM constellation for all modes. 7-July-2007 System Design 8-QAM constellation for all modes. Convolutional code concatenated with a GF(26) Reed Solomon code for additional error correcting capabilities Different data rate modes are: 1.4 Gbps using an unpunctured convolutional code, or 2.8 Gbps using a punctured convolutional code, or 4.2 Gbps using no convolutional code The base mode (1.4 Gbps) can be received by non-coherent receivers Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

8-QAM 8-QAM Allows for Non-Coherent reception Only two levels 7-July-2007 8-QAM 8-QAM Used in the V.29 modem standard due to resilience to phase noise. Higher bandwidth efficiency than QPSK. More resilient to phase noise problems than higher order constellations (16-QAM or 8-PSK). Allows for Non-Coherent reception Only two levels R1=√2, R0=1+√3 Q 001 100 101 000 010 I R1 111 110 R0 011 Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

8-QAM Decision Boundaries 7-July-2007 8-QAM Decision Boundaries 001 100 101 000 010 111 110 011 Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

7-July-2007 Inner Coding Systematic Reed Solomon code is over the Galois field GF(26) and is given as RS(63,55) Input of 55 symbols creates 8 parity symbols for a rate 0.87 code Systematic code allows low complexity receivers to ignore the parity symbols Currently used in IEEE 802.15.4a standard Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

Interleaver An interleaver is placed between the Inner and Outer Code. 7-July-2007 Interleaver An interleaver is placed between the Inner and Outer Code. Errors from the Viterbi decoder occur in bursts Interleaver separates these errors such that they occur in different RS code blocks. This improves the performance significantly Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

Outer Code: Convolutional Code 7-July-2007 Outer Code: Convolutional Code Outer code is rate 1/3, K=4, systematic convolutional code Low constraint length => complexity very low With K=4, there are only 8 possible states. Two parallel encoders/decoders used to reduce decoding clock rate even further Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

Convolutional Code: Rate 1/3, K=4 7-July-2007 Convolutional Code: Rate 1/3, K=4 g1 g3 + g2 + Generator Polynomial: g1=108, g2 = 118, g3 =168 Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

7-July-2007 Convolutional Code Systematic code gives the option of ignoring the parity bits Important for Non-Coherent receiver. To be covered later. However, systematic codes are known to perform worse than non-systematic. The combination of this systematic code with this constellation mapping approaches the performance optimal non-systematic code with a Gray coded constellation Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

Base Mode – 1.4Gbps Base mode Inner and Outer coding 8 QAM modulation 7-July-2007 Base Mode – 1.4Gbps Base mode One bit per symbol. Data rate = 0.87*Bandwidth = 1.4 Gbps Inner and Outer coding Interleaver in between 8 QAM modulation Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

Base Mode Transmitter Block Diagram 7-July-2007 Base Mode Transmitter Block Diagram CCode Const Map RS encode Interleaver Serial to Parallel Parallel to Serial CCode Const Map Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

Base Mode Receiver Block Diagram 7-July-2007 Base Mode Receiver Block Diagram Viterbi Const Demap Parallel to Serial DeInterleaver RS decode Serial to Parallel Viterbi Const Demap Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

PA and Phase Noise Simulation Parameters 7-July-2007 PA and Phase Noise Simulation Parameters AM/AM distortion model P = 1.6 Vsat = 2.09 G = 79.43 AM/PM distortion model q = 3.5 A = -10250 B = 0.0554 OBO = 5dB PN model PSD(0) = -90dBc/Hz@1MHz fp = 1Mhz, fz = 100Mhz. Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

Proposed Band Plan U.S. Japan 57 59 64 66 f(Ghz) 3dB BW 1.6 Ghz 7-July-2007 Proposed Band Plan U.S. Japan 3dB BW 1.6 Ghz 400 MHz 400 MHz 1 2 3 4 57 59 64 66 f(Ghz) ~2.2Ghz Separation Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

Base Mode, 1.4Gbps AWGN Performance 7-July-2007 Base Mode, 1.4Gbps AWGN Performance Includes PN, PA Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

High Data Rate Mode – 2.8Gbps 7-July-2007 High Data Rate Mode – 2.8Gbps High Data Rate mode Two bits per symbol Punctured Base mode Interleave RS output Data rate = 2*0.87*Bandwidth = 2.8 Gbps Same Tx as Base mode, but with symbol puncturing. Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

High Data Rate Mode Puncturing 7-July-2007 High Data Rate Mode Puncturing s3 s4 s5 s6 Every second symbol is punctured in each of the parallel encoders/decoders. Receiver the same as base mode. Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

High Data Rate Mode 2.8Gbps AWGN Performance 7-July-2007 High Data Rate Mode 2.8Gbps AWGN Performance Includes PN, PA Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

Very High Data Rate Mode – 4.2Gbps 7-July-2007 Very High Data Rate Mode – 4.2Gbps Very High Data Rate mode No convolutional code Reed Solomon RS(63,55) encoder Interleave RS output Data rate = 3*0.87*Bandwidth= 4.2 Gbps Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

Very High Data Rate Mode Transmitter 7-July-2007 Very High Data Rate Mode Transmitter RS Mapping Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

Very High Data Rate Mode 4.2Gbps AWGN Performance 7-July-2007 Very High Data Rate Mode 4.2Gbps AWGN Performance Includes PN, PA Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

Non Coherent Demodulator – 1.4Gbps 7-July-2007 Non Coherent Demodulator – 1.4Gbps The Non Coherent receiver is ideal for File Transfer or Kiosk modes The systematic bit decides which “ring” the transmitted symbol is on. Therefore, by using a simple energy detector receiver we can decode the systematic bit from any base mode signal. The Outer Reed Solomon code then gives some optional error correcting capabilities Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

Compatible with ASK and OOK receivers. 7-July-2007 Non Coherent Mode Compatible with ASK and OOK receivers. Enables a very low cost, very low power, implementation Ideal for integration into media players, phones, cameras etc. Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

Non Coherent Mode 1.4Gbps AWGN Performance 7-July-2007 Non Coherent Mode 1.4Gbps AWGN Performance Includes PN, PA Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

Summary AWGN Performance 7-July-2007 Summary AWGN Performance Includes PN, PA Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

Low Data Rate Mode – 67Mbps 7-July-2007 Low Data Rate Mode – 67Mbps Low data rate back channel mode. Length 21 Ipatov ternary sequence. +00−++−0+0+−+++++−−0− Golay Merit Factor of 5.3 Reed Solomon RS(63,55) encoder Gives the option of either 67Mbs or 133Mbs (high data mode) which is more resistant to errors Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

Low Data Rate Mode Transmitter 7-July-2007 Low Data Rate Mode Transmitter RS Spreading Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

7-July-2007 Hidden Node Problems Major problem with directive antenna systems is finding Nodes. To combat this problem, we propose using a single element mode. For omni-directional antenna elements, we can now “see” in every direction. For directive antenna elements, we can only “see” in the direction we can adapt in. Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

7-July-2007 Hidden Node Problems However, the path loss is so high at 60Ghz, a very weak signal is received when we are not using the antenna array gain The Solution: Compensate for the lack of antenna array gain at Tx and Rx by spreading the signal to obtain an equal or higher processing gain Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

Ternary Spreading Sequence 7-July-2007 Ternary Spreading Sequence Ipatov Sequence Perfect Periodic Autocorrelation properties. Allows for accurate channel estimation for Channel Matched Filtering (CMF) and Antenna Array adaptation. Used in 802.15.4a For example, a length 183 sequence is equivalent to an antenna array gain of approximately 22.2 dBi Many such sequences allows separate piconets to co-exist Example length 183 Ipatov Sequence: +−−−+0+−−−−−++−−+++++++−−++0+−+−+−+−−00−−+−+−++−−++−−+−0−−−++−−0−++−0−−+++−+++−−+−+−−+−+++++0−−++−−++−+−−−0+0+++0+−0−−−−−+−++−−0++++−+−−−−+++−+−+−−++−++−+0−++++−+−++++−++−+++++++−+−−+ Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

Ternary Spreading Sequence 7-July-2007 Ternary Spreading Sequence Periodic Auto Correlation of Length 183 Ipatov Sequence Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

Ternary Spreading Sequence 7-July-2007 Ternary Spreading Sequence With the perfect autocorrelation we can obtain an excellent estimate of the channel for the Channel Matched Filter (CMF) Send 16 times before each packet Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

Link Budget (LOS) PER 8% Parameter Low Base High Rate Very High Rate 7-July-2007 Link Budget (LOS) PER 8% Parameter Low Base High Rate Very High Rate Non Coherent PHY-SAP Payload Bit Rate (Rb) 67Mb/s 1.4Gb/s 2.8Gb/s 4.2Gb/s Average Transmit Power 10dBm Transmit Antenna Gain 15dBi Center frequency (fc) 60GHz Path loss at 1 meter 68dB Receive Antenna Gain Average noise power per bit -69.3dBm -82.5dBm -79.5dBm -77.7dBm Noise Figure 8dB -74.5dBm -71.5dBm -69.7dBm Minimum Eb/N0 for AWGN channel 2.5dB 4.6dB 6.5dB 9.2dB 20.2dB Shadowing link margin 1dB Implementation Loss 2dB Tolerable path loss 34.25dB 39dB 34dB 29.6dB 22.5dB Maximum operating range (d = 10 PL/10n,n=2) 51.6m 88m 50.2m 30.4m 13.3m Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

Link Budget (NLOS) PER 8% 7-July-2007 Link Budget (NLOS) PER 8% Parameter Base High Rate Very High Rate PHY-SAP Payload Bit Rate (Rb) 1.4Gb/s 2.8Gb/s 4.2Gb/s Average Transmit Power 10dBm Transmit Antenna Gain 15dBi Center frequency (fc) 60GHz Path loss at 1 meter 68dB Receive Antenna Gain Average noise power per bit -82.5dBm -79.5dBm -77.7dBm Noise Figure 8dB -74.5dBm -71.5dBm -69.7dBm Minimum Eb/N0 for AWGN channel 4.6dB 6.5dB 9.2dB Shadowing link margin 5dB Implementation Loss 2dB Tolerable path loss 35dB 30dB 25.6dB Maximum operating range (d = 10 PL/10n,n=2.5) 25m 15.9m 10.6m Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

7-July-2007 1.4Gbps CM1.3 Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

7-July-2007 1.4Gbps CM2.3 Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

7-July-2007 1.4Gbps CM3.1 Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

7-July-2007 1.4Gbps distance summary Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

7-July-2007 2.8Gbps CM1.3 Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

7-July-2007 2.8Gbps CM2.3 Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

7-July-2007 2.8Gbps CM3.1 Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

7-July-2007 2.8Gbps distance summary Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

7-July-2007 4.2Gbps CM1.3 Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

7-July-2007 4.2Gbps CM3.1 Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

7-July-2007 4.2Gbps distance summary Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

Some slides symbolising the DecaWave proposal’s advantages 7-July-2007 Some slides symbolising the DecaWave proposal’s advantages Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

Power Consumption High Complexity Solution 7-July-2007 Power Consumption High Complexity Solution High Power Consumption Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

Power Consumption DecaWave 7-July-2007 Power Consumption DecaWave Moderate Power Consumption Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

Power Consumption DecaWave Kiosk Mode 7-July-2007 Power Consumption DecaWave Kiosk Mode Very Low Power Consumption Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

Silicon Area High Complexity Solution 7-July-2007 Silicon Area High Complexity Solution Lot of Silicon Required Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

Silicon Area : DecaWave 7-July-2007 Silicon Area : DecaWave Much Less Silicon Required Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

Silicon Area : DecaWave in Kiosk Mode 7-July-2007 Silicon Area : DecaWave in Kiosk Mode Hardly any Silicon Required Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

Range : High Complexity Solution 7-July-2007 Range : High Complexity Solution Quite Long Range Achievable Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

Range : DecaWave Solution 7-July-2007 Range : DecaWave Solution Just as Long Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

Range : DecaWave in Kiosk Mode 7-July-2007 Range : DecaWave in Kiosk Mode Long Enough Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

Summary of DecaWave proposal 7-July-2007 Summary of DecaWave proposal 8-QAM modulation scheme 4 Data rates Base mode of 1.4Gps obtained with outer RS (rate 0.87) and inner convolutional (rate 1/3) coding High data rate mode of 2.8Gps obtained by puncturing base mode signal Very high data rate mode of 4.2Gps obtained by using only RS code Lower rate for back channel using Direct Sequence code Systematic code developed specifically for the 8-QAM constellation which enables a Non-coherent receiver architecture Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave

Advantages Low Power, Low Complexity solution 7-July-2007 Advantages Low Power, Low Complexity solution Constellation resilient to RF impairments Simple Non-coherent mode Ideal for low cost receiver e.g. for media player Single carrier potential common signalling mode operation More resistant to multipath Ternary sequences and omni-directional antenna mode allows easy node discovery and channel estimation Mc Laughlin, Gaffney, DecaWave