Respiratory System

Respiration Ventilation: Movement of air into and out of lungs External respiration: Gas exchange between air in lungs and blood Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood Internal respiration: Gas exchange between the blood and tissues

Respiratory System Functions Gas exchange: Oxygen enters blood and carbon dioxide leaves Regulation of blood pH: Altered by changing blood carbon dioxide levels Voice production: Movement of air past vocal folds makes sound and speech Olfaction: Smell occurs when airborne molecules drawn into nasal cavity Protection: Against microorganisms by preventing entry and removing them

Respiratory System Divisions Upper tract Nose, pharynx and associated structures Lower tract Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Nose and Pharynx Nose External nose Nasal cavity Pharynx Functions Passageway for air Cleans the air Humidifies, warms air Smell Along with paranasal sinuses are resonating chambers for speech Pharynx Common opening for digestive and respiratory systems Three regions Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx

Larynx Functions Maintain an open passageway for air movement Epiglottis and vestibular folds prevent swallowed material from moving into larynx Vocal folds are primary source of sound production

Vocal Folds

Trachea Windpipe Divides to form Primary bronchi Insert Fig 23.5 all but b

Tracheobronchial Tree Conducting zone Trachea to terminal bronchioles which is ciliated for removal of debris Passageway for air movement Cartilage holds tube system open and smooth muscle controls tube diameter Respiratory zone Respiratory bronchioles to alveoli Site for gas exchange

Tracheobronchial Tree

Bronchioles and Alveoli

Lungs Two lungs: Principal organs of respiration Right lung: Three lobes Left lung: Two lobes Divisions Lobes, bronchopulmonary segments, lobules

Ventilation Movement of air into and out of lungs Air moves from area of higher pressure to area of lower pressure Pressure is inversely related to volume

Pulmonary Volumes Tidal volume Inspiratory reserve volume Volume of air inspired or expired during a normal inspiration or expiration (500 ml) Inspiratory reserve volume Amount of air inspired forcefully after inspiration of normal tidal volume (3000 ml) Expiratory reserve volume Amount of air forcefully expired after expiration of normal tidal volume (1100ml) Residual volume Volume of air remaining in respiratory passages and lungs after the most forceful expiration (1200 ml)

Pulmonary Capacities Inspiratory capacity Functional residual capacity Tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume (3500 ml) Functional residual capacity Expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume (2300 ml) Vital capacity Sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume (4600 ml) Total lung capacity Sum of inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes plus the tidal volume and residual volume (5800 ml)

Spirometer and Lung Volumes/Capacities

Minute and Alveolar Ventilation Minute ventilation: Total amount of air moved into and out of respiratory system per minute Respiratory rate or frequency: Number of breaths taken per minute Anatomic dead space: Part of respiratory system where gas exchange does not take place Alveolar ventilation: How much air per minute enters the parts of the respiratory system in which gas exchange takes place