Carbon

Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms. Carbon-based molecules: three general types of structures. 1. Straight chain 2. Branched chain 3. Ring

Carbon-based molecules - made of many small subunits bonded together. Monomers - the individual subunits. Polymers - made of many monomers.

Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. Combined, these molecules make up the majority of a cell’s dry mass -water makes up the majority of its complete mass). Biological macromolecules are organic, meaning they contain carbon

Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. 1. Carbohydrates are made of: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Monomer-monosaccharide Polymer-polysaccharide

Monomer: Monosaccharides are simple sugars (glucose) 1. Carbohydrates Monomer: Monosaccharides are simple sugars (glucose) Polymer: Polysaccharides include starches, cellulose, & glycogen Examples: sugars (glucose & fructose) and starches Monomer-monosaccharide ex: glucose, fructose Polymer-polysaccharide ex: cellulose

1. Carbohydrates Functions Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells. Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure. (makes up cells) Polymer (starch) Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure. Polymer (cellulose) Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure monomer

2. Lipids Monomer: Fatty acid & glycerol Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol. Monomer: Fatty acid & glycerol Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol. Triglyceride Monomer- fatty acid & glycerol Polymer -

Functions of Lipids: broken down as a source of energy make up cell membranes used to make hormones (chemical messengers)

Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids. saturated fatty acids unsaturated fatty acids Monomer-fatty acid Ex- butter, oil & cholesterol

unsaturated fatty acids Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids. saturated fatty acids Saturated with H atoms Solid consistency @ room temp Butter, milk & cheese unsaturated fatty acids Plant foods like nuts & seeds Liquid @ room temp Vegetable oil & peanut oil Monomer-fatty acid Ex- butter, oil & cholesterol

Phospholipids make up all cell membranes. Polar phosphate “head” Nonpolar fatty acid “tails” Phospholipid

3. Proteins Proteins- a group of amino acids Monomer: an Amino Acid Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. Monomer-amino acids Polymer – proteins Ex: enzymes & some hormones

Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups. Functions storage Structure chemical signals Enzymes Transport Examples Enzymes Hormones

Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids. Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape. hydrogen bond Hemoglobin

4. Nucleic acids Nucleic acids-organic substance that makes up DNA & RNA Polymer nucleic acid Monomer  nucleotide

4. Nucleic acids Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. A phosphate group nitrogen-containing molecule, called a base deoxyribose (sugar)

DNA stores genetic information 4. Nucleic acids DNA DNA stores genetic information RNA RNA builds proteins

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