The Leader as an Individual

Chapter Objectives Identify major personality dimensions and understand how personality influences leadership and relationships within organizations. Clarify your instrumental and end values, and recognize how values guide thoughts and behavior. Define attitudes and explain their relationship to leader behavior. Recognize individual differences in cognitive style and broaden your own thinking style to expand leadership potential.

Chapter Objectives (contd.) Practice aspects of charismatic leadership by pursuing a vision or idea that you care deeply about and want to share with others. Apply the concepts that distinguish transformational from transactional leadership.

Theory X and Theory Y Theory X: the assumption that people are basically lazy and not motivated to work and that they have a natural tendency to avoid responsibility Theory Y: the assumption that people do not inherently dislike work and will commit themselves willingly to work that they care about

Personality The set of unseen characteristics and processes that underlie a relatively stable pattern of behavior in response to ideas, objects, and people in the environment

Ex. 4.1 The Big Five Personality Dimensions Outgoing, energetic, gregarious Quiet, withdrawn, unassertive Low Extroversion High Warm, considerate, good-natured Aloof, easily irritated Low Agreeableness High Impulsive, carefree Responsible, dependable , goal-oriented Low Conscientiousness High Moody, tense, lower self-confidence Stable, confident Low Emotional Stability High Imaginative, curious, open to new ideas Narrow field of interests, likes the tried-and-true Low Openness to Experience High

Personality Traits Locus of Control Authoritarianism Defines whether a person places the primary responsibility for what happens to him or her within himself/herself or on outside forces Authoritarianism The belief that power and status differences should exist in an organization

Values Fundamental beliefs that an individual considers to be important, that are relatively stable over time, and that have an impact on attitudes and behavior. End Values Sometimes called terminal values, these are beliefs about the kind of goals or outcomes that are worth trying to pursue. Instrumental Values Beliefs about the types of behavior that are appropriate for reaching goals.

Attitude An evaluation (either positive or negative) about people, events, or things. Self-Concept The collection of attitudes we have about ourselves; includes self-esteem and whether a person generally has a positive or negative feeling about him/herself.

Cognitive Style How a person perceives, processes, interprets, and uses information

Ex. 4.4 Hermann’s Whole Brain Model Upper left D Upper right Logical Analytical Fact-based Quantitative Holistic Intuitive Integrating Synthesizing Organized Sequential Planned Detailed Interpersonal Feeling-based Kinesthetic Emotional C Lower right B Lower left

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) Personality test that measures how individuals differ in gathering and evaluating information for solving problems and making decisions