Review Quarter 3

Ecology

Terms Punctuated equilibrium – In the fossil record, long periods of apparent stasis (equilibrium), in which a species undergoes little or no morphological change, interrupted by relatively brief periods of sudden change. Epiphytic plant – a plant that nourishes itself but grows on the surface of another plant for support (often on trunks of tropic plants)

Terms Ecological niche – sum total of an organisms use of biotic and abiotic resources as it “fits into” an ecosystem Fundamental niche – resources a population is capable of using

Terms cont’d Realized niche – resources a population actually does use Limiting factor - something needed for productivity (like water, O2 or CO2 for plants) Resource partitioning – different niches allow similar species to coexist in community

Terms cont’d Dominant species - one in community that has the most biomass Biomass - sum weight of all individuals in population Keystone species - not abundant but has control by role not numbers i.e.. sea star pg. 1184

Terms cont’d Carrying capacity – maximum amount that can live there without harming the species Logistic growth – population growth that levels off as population reaches carrying capacity

Terms cont’d K – selected population - a population living at or near its carrying capacity - Produces relatively few offspring that have a good chance for survival. - Long life, low mortality rate (death rate)

Terms cont’d R- selected population - a population where densities fluctuate with little competition. - short life span, high mortality rate ie. dandelions

Terms cont’d Altruism behavior – puts the needs of the population before itself Kin selection – needs of family come first

Exponential population growth Aka Geometric population growth Population increase under ideal conditions

2,000 = 1.0N 1,500 = 0.5N Population size (N) 1,000 500 5 10 15 Fig. 53-10 2,000 dN = 1.0N dt 1,500 dN = 0.5N dt Population size (N) 1,000 500 5 10 15 Number of generations

Fig. 53-11 8,000 6,000 Elephant population 4,000 2,000 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 Year

Exponential growth graph J-shape is characteristic of populations that are introduced into a new environment or whose numbers have been drastically reduced by a catastrophic event and they are now rebounding.

Exponential growth 2,000 = 1.0N 1,500 K = 1,500 Population size (N) Fig. 53-12 Exponential growth 2,000 dN = 1.0N dt 1,500 K = 1,500 Population size (N) Logistic growth 1,000 dN 1,500 – N = 1.0N dt 1,500 500 5 10 15 Number of generations

Which of the following could cause a realized niche to differ from a fundamental niche? a. suitable habitat b. food size and availability c. temperature limitations d. water availability e. competition from other species.

Which of the following could cause a realized niche to differ from a fundamental niche? a. suitable habitat b. food size and availability c. temperature limitations d. water availability e. competition from other species.

Which of the following species interaction is INCORRECTLY paired to its effects on the density of the two interacting populations? a. predation – one increases, one decreases b. parasitism – one increases, one decreases c. commensalisms – both increase d. mutualism – both increase e. competition – both decrease

Which of the following species interaction is INCORRECTLY paired to its effects on the density of the two interacting populations? a. predation – one increases, one decreases b. parasitism – one increases, one decreases c. commensalisms – both increase d. mutualism – both increase e. competition – both decrease

Evolution Origin of Life

In a population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of the allele "a" is 0.3. What is the percentage of the population that is homozygous for this allele? a. 3 b. 9 c. 21 d. 30 e. 42

In a population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of the allele "a" is 0.3. What is the percentage of the population that is homozygous for this allele? a. 3 b. 9 c. 21 d. 30 e. 42

Animals