Volume 130, Issue 1, Pages 44-54 (January 2006) Glucagon-Like Peptide 2 Stimulates Glucagon Secretion, Enhances Lipid Absorption, and Inhibits Gastric Acid Secretion in Humans  Juris J. Meier, Michael A. Nauck, Andrea Pott, Kai Heinze, Oliver Goetze, Kerem Bulut, Wolfgang E. Schmidt, Baptist Gallwitz, Jens J. Holst  Gastroenterology  Volume 130, Issue 1, Pages 44-54 (January 2006) DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.10.004 Copyright © 2006 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Plasma concentrations of total GLP-2 (1–33 plus spit products; circles) and intact GLP-2 (1–33 plus split products; diamonds) during the intravenous administration of GLP-2 (2 pmol·kg−1·min−1) over 120 minutes in 15 healthy male subjects. Data are expressed as means ± SEM. P values were calculated using repeated measures ANOVA and denote differences over the time course. Gastroenterology 2006 130, 44-54DOI: (10.1053/j.gastro.2005.10.004) Copyright © 2006 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Plasma concentrations of total GLP-2 (1–33 plus spit products; circles) and intact GLP-2 (1–33 plus split products; diamonds) during the intravenous administration of GLP-2 (2 pmol·kg−1·min−1; solid lines) or placebo (dashed lines) over 390 minutes in 15 healthy male subjects. At 0 minutes, a test meal (250 kcal) was served (arrow). Data are expressed as means ± SEM. P values were calculated using repeated measures ANOVA and denote differences over the time course. Gastroenterology 2006 130, 44-54DOI: (10.1053/j.gastro.2005.10.004) Copyright © 2006 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Gastric acid (A) and chloride (B) output during the intravenous administration of GLP-2 (2 pmol·kg−1·min−1; solid symbols) or placebo (open symbols) over 120 minutes in 15 healthy male subjects. Pentagastrin was administered intravenously from −30 to 180 minutes at an infusion rate of 1 μg·kg−1·h−1. Data are expressed as means ± SEM. P values were calculated using paired repeated measures ANOVA and denote A: overall differences between the experiments, B: differences over time, and AB: differences because of the interaction of experiment and time. Gastroenterology 2006 130, 44-54DOI: (10.1053/j.gastro.2005.10.004) Copyright © 2006 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Time pattern of gastric emptying of a solid meal (250 kcal) during the intravenous administration of GLP-2 (2 pmol·kg−1·min−1; solid symbols) or placebo (open symbols) over 390 minutes in 15 healthy male subjects. Gastric emptying was determined from the measurement of 13CO2/12CO2 isotopic ratio in breath samples collected after the ingestion of a test meal (arrow) labeled with 100 mg 13C-sodium octanoate using infrared spectroscopy and expressed as percentage of the initial gastric content. Data are expressed as means ± SE. P values were calculated using paired repeated measures ANOVA and denote A: overall differences between the experiments, B: differences over time, and AB: differences because of the interaction of experiment and time. Gastroenterology 2006 130, 44-54DOI: (10.1053/j.gastro.2005.10.004) Copyright © 2006 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Plasma concentrations of glucose (A), insulin (B), and C-peptide (C) during the intravenous administration of GLP-2 (2 pmol·kg−1·min−1; solid symbols) or placebo (open symbols) over 120 minutes in 15 healthy male subjects. Data are expressed as means ± SEM. P values were calculated using paired repeated measures ANOVA and denote A: overall differences between the experiments, B: differences over time, and AB: differences because of the interaction of experiment and time. Asterisks indicate significant differences at individual time points (P < .05; 1-way ANOVA). Gastroenterology 2006 130, 44-54DOI: (10.1053/j.gastro.2005.10.004) Copyright © 2006 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

Figure 6 Plasma glucagon concentrations during the intravenous administration of GLP-2 (2 pmol·kg−1·min−1; solid symbols) or placebo (open symbols) over 120 minutes in 15 healthy male subjects. Data are expressed as means ± SEM. P values were calculated using paired repeated measures ANOVA and denote A: overall differences between the experiments, B: differences over time, and AB: differences because of the interaction of experiment and time. Asterisks indicate significant differences at individual time points (P < .05; 1-way ANOVA). Gastroenterology 2006 130, 44-54DOI: (10.1053/j.gastro.2005.10.004) Copyright © 2006 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

Figure 7 Plasma concentrations of glucose (A), insulin (B), and C-peptide (C) during the intravenous administration of GLP-2 (2 pmol·kg−1·min−1; solid symbols) or placebo (open symbols) over 390 minutes in 15 healthy male subjects. At 0 minutes, a test meal (250 kcal) was served (arrows). Data are expressed as means ± SEM. P values were calculated using paired repeated measures ANOVA and denote A: overall differences between the experiments, B: differences over time, and AB: differences because of the interaction of experiment and time. Gastroenterology 2006 130, 44-54DOI: (10.1053/j.gastro.2005.10.004) Copyright © 2006 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

Figure 8 Plasma glucagon concentrations during the intravenous administration of GLP-2 (2 pmol·kg−1·min−1; solid symbols) or placebo (open symbols) over 390 minutes in 15 healthy male subjects. At 0 minutes, a test meal (250 kcal) was served (arrow). Data are expressed as means ± SEM. P values were calculated using paired repeated measures ANOVA and denote A: overall differences between the experiments, B: differences over time, and AB: differences because of the interaction of experiment and time. Asterisks indicate significant differences at individual time points (P < .05; 1-way ANOVA). Gastroenterology 2006 130, 44-54DOI: (10.1053/j.gastro.2005.10.004) Copyright © 2006 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

Figure 9 Plasma concentrations of triglycerides (A), nonesterified fatty acids (B), and free glycerol (C) during the intravenous administration of GLP-2 (2 pmol·kg−1·min−1; solid symbols) or placebo (open symbols) over 390 minutes in 15 healthy male subjects. At 0 minutes, a test meal (250 kcal) was served (arrows). Data are expressed as means ± SEM. P values were calculated using paired repeated measures ANOVA and denote A: overall differences between the experiments, B: differences over time, and AB: differences because of the interaction of experiment and time. Asterisks indicate significant differences at individual time points (P < .05; 1-way ANOVA). Gastroenterology 2006 130, 44-54DOI: (10.1053/j.gastro.2005.10.004) Copyright © 2006 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions