Blood: An Overview Ch. 10a

Challenge Problem Complete the CSA 1/2 Get computer Use the tiny URL to complete an introduction on blood

Intro to Blood Get your computer number from me Use a computer to complete the Google Form in this address http://tinyurl.com/blood-disorders TO SAVE YOUR WORK** Click ‘Send me a copy of my responses’ Submit You will be able to copy/paste your answers on Friday

Blood The only fluid tissue in the human body Classified as a connective tissue w/ 2 parts: Formed Elements = Living Cells within the blood (45% of blood volume) Plasma = Non-Living matrix, “liquid” part of blood (55% of blood volume) Slide 10.1a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Blood Figure 10.1 Slide 10.1b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

What are the physical characteristics of blood?

Physical Characteristics of Blood Blood Color range Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red Oxygen-poor blood is dull red Blood is NEVER blue! pH must remain between 7.35–7.45 Blood temperature is slightly higher than body temperature Slide 10.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Which drop o blood is oxygen rich? 1 2

Quick Quiz What color is oxygen poor blood?

Blood: Plasma Components

Blood Plasma: The liquid part Composed of approximately 90 percent water Includes many dissolved substances Nutrients Salts (metal ions) Respiratory gases Hormones Proteins Waste products Slide 10.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Challenge Problem 10/12 1. With a pH of 7.35-7.45, blood is slightly acidic/basic. Choose one 2. The liquid portion of blood is called____ 3. Some of the substances found in the liquid portion of blood are 4. If someone were losing blood and could not transport oxygen efficiently, what might result?

Plasma Proteins Albumin – regulates osmotic pressure Clotting proteins – help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured Antibodies – help protect the body from antigens Slide 10.4 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Quick Quiz Name one of the plasma proteins and its function. Why do ambulance drivers/ EMT rely so heavily on blood plasma and IV fluids? When would they need to use them?

Blood: Formed Elements

Formed Elements Erythrocytes = red blood cells Leukocytes = white blood cells Platelets = cell fragments Slide 10.5a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Slide 10.5b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Slide 10.5c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Erythrocytes

Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) The main function is to carry oxygen Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes Biconcave disks Essentially bags of hemoglobin Anucleate (no nucleus) Contain very few organelles Outnumber white blood cells 1000:1 Slide 10.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Hemoglobin Found within Red Blood Cells Gives bright red color when oxygen is present Iron-containing protein Binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen Each hemoglobin molecule has four oxygen binding sites Each erythrocyte has 250 million hemoglobin molecules Slide 10.7

I need a Blood

Quick Quiz Identify the function of hemoglobin? Carbon Monoxide (found in car exhaust and during a fire) binds to hemoglobin 210 times stronger than oxygen. Why is that scary?

Leukocytes

Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) Crucial in the body’s defense against disease These are complete cells, with a nucleus and organelles Able to move into and out of blood vessels (diapedesis) Can move by ameboid motion Can respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues Slide 10.8 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Leukocyte Levels in the Blood Normal levels are between 4,000 and 11,000 cells per mm3 Abnormal leukocyte levels Leukocytosis Abnormally high leukocyte level Generally indicates an infection Leukopenia Abnormally low leukocyte level Commonly caused by certain drugs Slide 10.9 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Types of Leukocytes Granulocytes Granules in their cytoplasm can be stained Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils Figure 10.4 Slide 10.10a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Granulocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils Multilobed nucleus with fine granules Act as phagocytes at active sites of infection Eosinophils Large brick-red cytoplasmic granules Found in repsonse to allergies and parasitic worms Slide 10.11a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Granulocytes Basophils Have histamine-containing granules Initiate inflammation Slide 10.11b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Types of Leukocytes Agranulocytes Lack visible cytoplasmic granules Include lymphocytes and monocytes Figure 10.4 Slide 10.10b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Agranulocytes Lymphocytes Monocytes Nucleus fills most of the cell Play an important role in the immune response Monocytes Largest of the white blood cells Function as macrophages Important in fighting chronic infection Slide 10.12 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Quick Quiz How do Leukocytes function? Someone asked last period about a drug that decreases the number of white blood cells. Use your phones to find out the name of a drug that reduces the number of white blood cells and when it would be used.

BrainPop- blood -1 Use the plastic covered sheet and a dry erase marker to answer the questions on the BrainPop quiz -2 watch vid -3 fix answers after taking quiz

Get a book- 5 min Using your book, find out what platelets are made of Also find out if there is a disease or diseases that involve a platelet deficiency.

Challenge Problem 1. See if you can say what leukocytes do for humans in 4 words. 2. If you traveled to an equatorial country and came home with a filarial worm infection, what cells would be working hard?

Platelets

Platelets Derived from ruptured multinucleate cells (megakaryocytes) Parts of broken down cells Needed for the clotting process Normal platelet count = 300,000/mm3 Slide 10.13 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Quick Quiz What are platelets made of? If you were a hematologist (blood doctor) when would you talk to your patients about platelets? Which disease would they likely have?

How is blood formed?

Blood Cell Formation Hematopoiesis Blood cell formation Occurs in red bone marrow All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell (hemocytoblast) Hemocytoblast differentiation Lymphoid stem cell produces lymphocytes Myeloid stem cell produces other formed elements Slide 10.14

Erythrocytes

Fate of Erythrocytes Unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins Wear out in 100 to 120 days When worn out, are eliminated by phagocytes in the spleen or liver Lost cells are replaced by division of hemocytoblasts Slide 10.15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Control of Erythrocyte Production Rate is controlled by a hormone (erythropoietin) Kidneys produce most erythropoietin as a response to reduced oxygen levels in the blood Homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback from blood oxygen levels Slide 10.16 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Control of Erythrocyte Production Figure 10.5 Slide 10.17 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Quick Quiz Where are blood cells made? What is a hemocytoblast?