UVA/B-Induced Apoptosis in Human Melanocytes Involves Translocation of Cathepsins and Bcl-2 Family Members Cecilia A. Bivik, Petra K. Larsson, Katarina.

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UVA/B-Induced Apoptosis in Human Melanocytes Involves Translocation of Cathepsins and Bcl-2 Family Members Cecilia A. Bivik, Petra K. Larsson, Katarina M. Kågedal, Inger K. Rosdahl, Karin M. Öllinger Journal of Investigative Dermatology Volume 126, Issue 5, Pages 1119-1127 (May 2006) DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700124 Copyright © 2006 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Nuclear fragmentation in UVA/B-irradiated melanocytes. Nuclear fragmentation was assessed by microscopic inspection of DAPI-stained cells after (a) UVA (60J/cm2) and (b) UVB (500mJ/cm2) exposure. Each curve represents observations from one individual and the dotted lines represent unirradiated control cells from the corresponding individuals (n=3). Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2006 126, 1119-1127DOI: (10.1038/sj.jid.5700124) Copyright © 2006 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Localization of Bax in melanocytes following UV exposure. Quantification of melanocytes showing punctate staining of Bax after (a) UVA (60J/cm2) and (b) UVB (500mJ/cm2) exposure. Each curve represents observations from one individual and the dotted lines represent unirradiated control cells from the corresponding individuals (n=3). Representative images of (c) unirradiated control cell immunostained for Bax and (d) its DAPI-stained nucleus. (e, f) Corresponding images from a representative cell 6hours after UVA irradiation. Note redistribution of Bax from a diffuse cytosolic to a punctate mitochondrial-like pattern and fragmentation of the nucleus following UVA exposure. Western blot of Bax in digitonin-extracted cytosolic fractions after (g) UVA and (h) UVB irradiation. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used as an internal control. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2006 126, 1119-1127DOI: (10.1038/sj.jid.5700124) Copyright © 2006 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Localization of Bid in melanocytes following UV exposure. Quantification of melanocytes showing punctate staining of Bid after (a) UVA (60J/cm2) and (b) UVB (500mJ/cm2) exposure. Each curve represents observations from one individual and the dotted lines represent unirradiated control cells from the corresponding individuals (n=3). Representative images of (c) unirradiated control cell immunostained for Bid and (d) its DAPI-stained nucleus. (e, f) Corresponding images from a representative cell 6hours after UVA irradiation. Note redistribution of Bid from a diffuse cytosolic to a punctate mitochondrial-like pattern and fragmentation of the nucleus following UVA exposure. Western blot of Bid in digitonin-extracted cytosolic fractions after (g) UVA and (h) UVB. GAPDH was used as an internal control. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2006 126, 1119-1127DOI: (10.1038/sj.jid.5700124) Copyright © 2006 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Localization of Bcl-2 in melanocytes following UV exposure. Intracellular Bcl-2 location was determined by immunocytochemistry following (a) UVA (60J/cm2) and (b) UVB (500mJ/cm2). Each curve represents observations from one individual and the dotted lines represent unirradiated control cells from the corresponding individuals (n=3). Representative images of (c) unirradiated control cell immunostained for Bcl-2 and (d) its DAPI-stained nucleus. (e, f) Corresponding images from a representative cell 6hours after UVA irradiation. Note redistribution of Bcl-2 from a diffuse cytosolic to a punctate mitochondrial-like pattern and normal morphology of the nucleus following UVA exposure. Western blot of Bcl-2 in digitonin-extracted cytosolic fractions after (g) UVA and (h) UVB. One representative blot out of three is shown. GAPDH was used as an internal control. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2006 126, 1119-1127DOI: (10.1038/sj.jid.5700124) Copyright © 2006 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Localization of Bcl-XL in melanocytes following UV exposure. Intracellular Bcl-XL location was determined by immunocytochemistry following (a) UVA (60J/cm2) and (b) UVB (500mJ/cm2) exposure. Each curve represents observations from one individual and the dotted lines represent unirradiated control cells from the corresponding individuals (n=3). Representative images of (c) unirradiated control cell immunostained for Bcl-XL and (d) its DAPI-stained nucleus. (e, f) Corresponding images from a representative cell 6hours after UVA irradiation. Note redistribution of Bcl-XL from a diffuse cytosolic to a punctate mitochondrial-like pattern and normal morphology of the nucleus following UVA exposure. Western blot of Bcl-XL in digitonin-extracted cytosolic fractions after (g) UVA and (h) UVB. GAPDH was used as an internal control. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2006 126, 1119-1127DOI: (10.1038/sj.jid.5700124) Copyright © 2006 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 6 Cytochrome c, caspase-3 and p53 as indicators of UVA/B-induced apoptosis in melanocytes. Western blot of cytochrome c in digitonin-extracted cytosolic fractions after (a) UVA (60J/cm2) and (b) UVB (500mJ/cm2). One representative blot out of three is shown and GAPDH was used as an internal control. Caspase-3 activation was analyzed by cleavage of the substrate Ac-DEVD-AMC following (c) UVA and (d) UVB. Melanocytes from three donors were analyzed and each curve represents data from one donor. Corresponding unirradiated cells are presented as dotted lines. (e) Western blot of total p53 protein level 8hours following UVA and UVB. One representative blot out of three is presented and β-actin was used as an internal control. (f) Western blot of caspase-8 protein level following UVA and UVB. β-Actin was used as an internal control. + represents a positive control of pro-caspase-8 cleavage from a tumor necrosis factor-α-treated (10ng/ml) monocyte cell line (U937). Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2006 126, 1119-1127DOI: (10.1038/sj.jid.5700124) Copyright © 2006 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 7 Analysis of cathepsin B and D after UVA/B irradiation in melanocytes. The release of cathepsin B and D from the lysosome was determined by Western blot of digitonin-extracted cytosolic fractions after (a) UVA (60J/cm2) and (b) UVB (500mJ/cm2) exposure. One representative blot out of three is shown and GAPDH was used as an internal control. Nuclear morphology was analyzed in DAPI-stained cultures after (c) UVA and (d) UVB exposure (n=3). Punctate staining of Bax, indicating translocation of the protein from cytosol to mitochondrial-like structures, was assessed by immunocytochemistry in melanocytes 6hours after (e) UVA and (f) UVB exposure. When indicated, the cells were pretreated, 16hours before irradiation, with pepstatin A (100μm) or E64d (10μm), inhibitors of cathepsin D and cysteine cathepsins, respectively. Cultures from three individuals were analyzed. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2006 126, 1119-1127DOI: (10.1038/sj.jid.5700124) Copyright © 2006 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 8 Light and fluorescence microscopy of melanocytes microinjected with cathepsin B. Cells were microinjected with a mix of 0.25mg/ml cathepsin B and Alexa Fluor 488 in PBS at pH 5.7 into the cytosol (n=3). Control cells were microinjected with Alexa Fluor 488 in PBS. After 6hours, the microinjected cells were visualized by Alexa Flour 488 and apoptotic melanocytes were identified by fragmented nucleus using DAPI staining. (a–c) One cell microinjected with Alexa Fluor 488. (d–f) One cell microinjected with Alexa Fluor 488 and 0.25mg/ml cathepsin B. Representative images are shown. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2006 126, 1119-1127DOI: (10.1038/sj.jid.5700124) Copyright © 2006 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 9 Proposed model of pro- and antiapoptotic events in human melanocytes exposed to UVA/B. UVA/B induces translocation of lysosomal cathepsins, which activate the mitochondrial pathway through Bax activation. In addition, UV irradiation might directly affect the mitochondria through a not yet identified mechanism. Translocation of the proapoptotic proteins Bax and Bid to the mitochondria results in cytochrome c release followed by caspase activation and ultimately apoptosis, whereas translocation of the antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL favors survival. →, Events specifically addressed in this study. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2006 126, 1119-1127DOI: (10.1038/sj.jid.5700124) Copyright © 2006 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions