AP World History Chapter 32 The End of the Cold War and the Challenge of Economic Development and Immigration, 1975 - 2000 AP World History Chapter 32

Postcolonial crises and Asian economic expansion Section I Postcolonial crises and Asian economic expansion

A. Revolutions, Depressions and Democratic Reform in Latin America Cuban Revolution energized the revolutionary left and led the US to organized political and military allies in Latin America A coup in Brazil led to the “Brazilian Solution” Dictatorship Government promotion of industrialization Repression through death squads Another military coup in Argentina led to the seven year “dirty war” against terrorism US president Jimmy Carter worked to reestablish Panamanian sovereignty by relinquishing control of the Panama Canal

A. Revolutions, Depressions and Democratic Reform in Latin America President Reagan and his administration opposed the Nicaragua government by supporting – through guns and money – the “Contras” counterrevolutionaries The Contra-led faction in El Salvador ended when the a catholic father was killed and lack of support in the country led to the US Congress stopping Reagan’s guns-for-Contras policy. The collapse of the Soviet Union took the “stop the spread of communism” fear of the American people With Socialism discredited, most Latin American nations introduced reforms to reduce the economic role of the state

B. Islamic Revolutions in Iran & Afghanistan An Iranian revolt in 1979 against the US backed shah resulted in a parliamentary republic with religious officials in control Saddam Husain feared that Iran’s revolutionary government would incite Iraq’s Shi’ites to rebel, so he attacked Iran The USSR sent its army into Afghanistan to support a newly established communist regime against the American-backed guerillas in an “unwinnable war”

C. Asian Transformation Japanese economy grew at a fast rate and the was associated with an industrial economy Corporations & banks formed an alliances of firms– a kieretsu - which received government assistance in tariffs These tariffs and import regulations restricted foreign competition

D. China Rejoins the World Economy Deng Xiaoping carried out successful economic reforms that included foreign investments and freeing industries from state control By 2009 China had become the world’s third largest economy But China used force to put down protests about political reforms in Tiananmen Square

The End of the bipolar world Section II The End of the bipolar world

A. Crisis in the Soviet Union Most communist states by the 1980’s and 1990’s had deep divisions and strained economies Mikhail Gorbachev introduced glasnost, a policy of political openness and perestroika, a restructuring the economic policy

B. The Collapse of the Socialist Bloc In Poland, activities of a shipyard labor union, supported by the Catholic Church drew enough national attention that the Polish government imposed martial law Solidarity became a movement, whose leaders were recognized through the nation. Nationalism among the countries of the Socialist bloc ultimately broke up the USSR

B. The Collapse of the Socialist Bloc East Germany was united with West Germany in 1990 The Soviet Union dissolved in 1991 as disgust with communism boiled over A hard-line Communist coup against Gorbachev failed and the Russian Republic took the place of the USSR Boris Yeltsin led the popular resistance to the coup Bosnia, a region in the Balkans, declared independence in 1992, followed by a period of ethnic cleansing by Christian Orthodox Serbs who attempted to rid Bosnia of Muslims

C. Africa in the Era of Global Political Change Democracy had mixed results in Africa Areas in Africa have suffered from democratically elected leaders using a firm military hand over their people. Ethnic cleansing also affected Africa. In 1994, Rwandan leaders incited the Hutu to massacre Tutsi neighbors, until millions were dead or displaced.

D. The Persian Gulf War First significant military conflict to occur after the breakup of the USSR Iraq owed Kuwait a great deal of money Iraq wanted Kuwait’s oil fields Invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 U.S. and its allies react Iraq’s military defeat was comprehensive

The challenge of population growth Section III The challenge of population growth

A. Demographic Transition World populations increased by 100% between 1950 – 1985 Demographic Transition is the lowering of fertility rates in a nation

B. The Industrialized Nations Higher levels of women’s employment and education along with access to contraception and abortion are associated with low birthrates of older industrial nations Modern consumer culture can influence women from marrying and having children at a young age In Russia and other former socialist nations, current birthrates are lower that death rates and life expectancy has declined

C. The Developing Nations Two nations, India and China, account for approximately one-third of the world’s population. 95 % of all future populations will be in developing regions, Africa and the Muslim countries

D. Old and Young Populations Developed nations face aging populations Rely on immigration or increased use of technology to maintain industrial and agricultural productions. Japan has created technological solutions to labor shortages because it has the oldest population of any industrial nation.

Unequal development and the movement of peoples Section IV Unequal development and the movement of peoples

A. The Problem of Growing Inequality The majority of the world’s population remains in poverty, despite the unprecedented global economic growth Nations of the Northern Hemisphere enjoy a larger share of the world’s wealth

B. Internal Migration: The Growth of Cities Migration from rural areas to urban centers in the developing world accelerated rapidly after 1950 In developing nations, migrants enjoy a higher income and better standards of living in the city than they would have in the countryside

C. Global Migration Although immigrants from developing nations bring many benefits to a new country, they face anti-immigrant discrimination and resentment. Anti-immigrant feelings in industrialized nations are mostly due to an ethnically derived sense of nationality

Technological and environmental change Section V Technological and environmental change

A. New Technologies and the World Economy New technologies developed after WWII Increased productivity Reduced labor requirements Improved the flow of information Intensified environmental destruction Increased the power of industrialized nations relative to the developing world Transnational corporations became the primary agent of technology change

B. Conserving and Sharing Resources Environmental activists and political leaders began warning about the environmental consequences Population growth Industrialization Expansion of agriculture onto marginal lands Environmental degradation was especially severe in the former Soviet Union

C. New Technologies and the World Economy Efforts to preserve the environment include Recycling efforts Promoting the use of solar and wind power Manufacturing fuel-efficient cars Legislative action such as The Clean Air Act The Clean Water Act Endangered Species Act