The Scientific Revolution

The Philosophical Medieval View Aristotle & Ptolemy from Greece supported the Geocentric theory: Earth was an unmoving object located at the center of the universe- the sun and planets moved around the Earth Religion guided views too: Christianity taught that God had placed Earth at the center of the universe.

The Scientific Revolution And new philosophy calls all in doubt, The element of fire is quite put out; The sun is lost, and th’ earth, and no man’s wit Can well direct him where to look for it ’Tis all in pieces, all coherence gone; -John Donne, “Anatomy of the World”

Geocentric Theory

Aristotle (384BC – 322BC) Greek philosopher Developed geocentric model. Philosophies had long-lasting effects on philosophical theories.

Claudius Ptolemy (85AD – 165AD) Greek astronomer, mathematician & geographer Expanded Aristotle’s geocentric theory. Introduced trigonometry methods.

Before the Scientific Revolution Science was called “natural philosophy” Science mixed with moral philosophy, theology, numerology, alchemy & magic Ancient Greek sources highly trusted Few experiments were performed

What was the Scientific Revolution? From 1542 to 1700 Development of new ways to study universe Old authorities no longer blindly accepted Application of mathematics to natural world Creation and spread of new ideas and discoveries

Causes of the Scientific Revolution The voyages of discovery and colonization Ancient & Medieval works translated into Latin, then vernacular languages New inventions & institutions that promoted sharing of knowledge

Heliocentric Model Earth is not center of the universe Earth is just another planet Earth revolves around the Sun Night and day caused by Earth’s rotation

Geocentric vs. Heliocentric Models Heliocentric Theory Geocentric vs. Heliocentric Models http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VyQ8Tb85HrU

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) Sun-centered universe – heliocentric theory Earth is no different than any other planet On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (1543) http://www.npr.org/2011/11/08/141931239/for-copernicus-a-perfect-heaven-put-sun-at-center

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) Uses experiments & observations Planetary movement is a mathematical formula Planets move around the Sun in elliptical orbits NOT circles Confirms Copernicus ideas

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) GALILEO – designs 1st telescope w/lens & sees movement of stars & moons (similar to the movement of the planets) Church believes heavens are fixed, unmoving & earth is central  they are furious w/Galileo! Galileo accused of heresy (crimes against Church)  1633 brought to trial before Catholic Inquisition & he recants his statements Brainpop

Galileo Galilei (1564 — 1642) Gathered observational data that supported the Heliocentric Model Wrote Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632)

Why did the Catholic Church care? Galileo was CATHOLIC! The Protestant Reformation Events had disturbed the faith of many Christians Movements in the heavens which contradicted Church doctrine

Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Universal law of motion  every object in universe attracts every other object Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687) - Explained gravity (what goes up must come down) Universe is a giant clock- all parts work together but God set clock in motion.

Geocentric vs. Heliocentric Video Clip: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BOxtiUPdHiM (7 minutes)

Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) First to dissect human bodies (even though a disapproved practice) Wrote On the Fabric of the Human Body (1543) His published observations included detailed drawings of human organs, bones & muscle.

William Harvey (1578-1657) Published On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals (1628) Showed heart acted as a pump to circulate blood throughout body

Francis Bacon (1561-1626) English politician & writer with an interest in science. Criticized ancient philosophers on how they arrived at conclusions. Urged scientists to experiment in order to arrive at conclusions Developed Scientific Method

The Scientific Method Observation Research Hypothesis Experiment Analysis Conclusion

Rene Descartes (1596-1650) French scientist & mathematician. Developed analytical geometry (links both algebra & geometry) Developments provided new tools for scientific research.

The Enlightenment --- Age of Reason

What was it? Emerged out of Scientific Revolution & ended in French Revolution Spokesmen = Rising Middle Class Paris = Center of Enlightenment Search for new laws/ways to govern humans

Key Ideas Distrust of Tradition and Religion Scientific method could be applied to society as well Man is naturally good

The World of the Old Regime Built on tradition World of hierarchy, privilege and inequality Allied with the Church Challenged by supporters of the Enlightenment

Conflict with the Capitalistic Middle Class Size and increasing power of the Middle Class New notion of wealth w/mercantilism Tension and discord created by the Middle Class

The Philosophes (Philosophers) 18th century French intellectuals Truth through reason Natural laws – natural is good and reasonable Happiness – belief in natural laws leads to happiness Progress – for society (can be perfected) Liberties – people should be free

The Problem of Censorship The attempt of the Old Regime to control new thinking Publishers and writers hounded by censors Over 1000 booksellers and authors imprisoned in the Bastille in the early 1700’s

Famous Enlightenment Thinkers

Thomas Hobbes (1588 –1679) Wrote Leviathan (1651) Convinced that all humans are wicked and evil Humans exist in a primitive state and give consent to the government for self-protection Absolute monarchies

John Locke (1632-1704) People learn from experience Favored self-gov’t, people rule Natural rights: life, liberty, property gov’t protects these rights and if not, people overthrow gov’t Wrote Two Treaties on Government (1690) Inspired American Revolution

Francois Arouet Voltaire (1694-1778) Admired English gov’t Mocked laws of France and religion There should be separation of church and state “Ecrasez l’infame” – “Crush the evil thing”

Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) The Spirit of the Laws (1748) “Power should be a check to power” – this is beginnings of separation of powers Influence in the US – legislative, executive, judicial

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) Individual freedom “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.” Direct democracy 1762- Wrote “The Social Contract” in which he stated that Gov’t is a contract b/w people and rulers

The Role of the Salon – Spreading Ideas Wealthy women of Paris hosted social gatherings known as salons Philosophers, writers, artists, scientists gathered to share ideas Madame Geoffrin – most influential salon hostess

Diderot’s Encyclopedia Encyclopedia (28 volumes) Collected articles regarding all topics: science, politics, economics, slavery, human rights, religion, etc. Critics were outraged & Pope threatened to excommunicate Catholics who read it! Translations helped spread enlightenment ideas across Europe

Art and Literature Enlightenment is reflected in the arts – music, literature, painting, and architecture Baroque – grand and ornate TO Neoclassical – simple and elegant, Classical music – Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven Development of novels

Enlightened Despotism The manner of political reform – monarchs who embraced new ideas& reforms Frederick the Great of Prussia Catherine the Great of Russia Joseph II of Austria

Impact of Enlightenment Ideas led to people challenging long held ideas about society Political philosophies of the Enlightenment inspired American and French revolutions in the 1800s