The Activity of HMG-CoA Reductase and Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase in Human Apocrine Sweat Glands, Sebaceous Glands, and Hair Follicles Is Regulated by Phosphorylation and by Exogenous Cholesterol  Cheryl D.W. Smythe, Michael Greenall, Terence Kealey  Journal of Investigative Dermatology  Volume 111, Issue 1, Pages 139-148 (July 1998) DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00246.x Copyright © 1998 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Isolated human skin appendages. Apocrine gland (a), sebaceous gland (b), and hair follicles (c) were isolated from human skin as described in Materials and Methods. Scale bars: 0.2 mm. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1998 111, 139-148DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00246.x) Copyright © 1998 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 “Expressed” and “total” HMG-CoA reductase activities from apocrine glands, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles. Apocrine glands, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles were homogenised in the presence or absence of fluoride, incubated for 1 h at 37°C, and then assayed for “expressed” and “total” HMG-CoA reductase activities, respectively, as described in Materials and Methods. Results are the mean of n = 5 for apocrine and sebaceous data, and n = 3 for hair follicle data, each carried out in duplicate. Error bars: SEM. Twenty apocrine glands, 10 sebaceous glands, and 30 follicles were used per treatment, per experiment. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1998 111, 139-148DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00246.x) Copyright © 1998 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Compactin inhibits HMG-CoA reductase activity in skin appendages. (a) HMG-CoA reductase activity was measured in cell-free preparations of apocrine glands, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles that contained the appropriate concentration of compactin as described in Materials and Methods. Fifty apocrine glands, 30 sebaceous glands, and 100 hair follicles were used per experiment. Controls were incubated with 0.1% dimethylsulfoxide. *Significant difference from controls (p < 0.05); **significant difference from controls (p < 0.01). Results are expressed as the percentage of control activity, n = 3, each carried out in duplicate. Error bars: SEM. (b) Sebaceous glands from individual subjects were maintained overnight with increasing concentrations of compactin. Following washing in PBS to remove the compactin, glands were snap frozen, homogenised, and assayed for HMG-CoA reductase activity, as described in Materials and Methods. Five sebaceous glands were used for each concentration. stSignificant difference from controls (p < 0.01). Results are expressed as the percentage of control activity, n = 6, each carried out in duplicate. Error bars: SEM. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1998 111, 139-148DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00246.x) Copyright © 1998 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Sebaceous gland HMG-CoA reductase activity decreases with age. Sebaceous glands isolated from males and females were homogenized, and HMG-CoA reductase activity measured, as described in Materials and Methods. At least five glands were used per data point. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1998 111, 139-148DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00246.x) Copyright © 1998 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 “Expressed” and “total” acetyl-CoA carboxylase activities from apocrine glands and sebaceous glands. Apocrine glands (a) and sebaceous glands (b) were homogenised in the presence or absence of fluoride, incubated for 1 h at 37°C, and then assayed for “expressed” and “total” acetyl-CoA carboxylase activities, respectively, in the presence of either 0.5 mM citrate or 10 mM citrate as described in Materials and Methods. n = 3, each carried out in duplicate. Error bars: SEM. Fifteen apocrine glands and 15 sebaceous glands were used per treatment, per experiment. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1998 111, 139-148DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00246.x) Copyright © 1998 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 6 LDL downregulates HMG-CoA reductase activity in apocrine glands, sebaceous glands, but not hair follicles. Apocrine glands (a) and sebaceous glands (b) were isolated and maintained for 4 h with either 5 μg LDL per ml or 5 μg 25-HC per ml. Hair follicles (c) were maintained overnight with either 5 μg LDL per ml or 5 μg 25-HC per ml. Controls were incubated with the appropriate carrier. Following freezing, appendages were assayed for HMG-CoA reductase activity as described in Materials and Methods. Results are expressed as a percentage of controls, and n = 7 for apocrine glands, n = 7 for sebaceous glands and follicles with LDL, n = 11 for sebaceous glands with 25-HC, and n = 4 for follicles 25-HC, each carried out in duplicate. *Significant difference from control values (p < 0.05); **significant difference from control values (p < 0.02). Error bars: SEM. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1998 111, 139-148DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00246.x) Copyright © 1998 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 7 LDL receptor mRNA is expressed in apocrine glands, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles. PCR amplification using human LDL receptor primers of cDNA reverse transcribed from mRNA isolated from apocrine glands (lanes 1 and 2), sebaceous glands (lanes 3 and 4), and hair follicles (lanes 5 and 6), was carried out as described in Materials and Methods. Phi X174 Hae III markers ranging in size from 72 to 310 bp were run in parallel (lane M). Lanes 2, 4, and 6 contain PCR amplified cDNA that has been digested with the restriction enzyme AflII. This gel is representative of five experiments, with 10 appendages per experiment. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1998 111, 139-148DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00246.x) Copyright © 1998 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 8 Lipoprotein lipase mRNA is expressed in apocrine glands and sebaceous glands. PCR amplification using human lipoprotein lipase primers of cDNA reverse transcribed from mRNA isolated from apocrine (lanes 1 and 2) and sebaceous glands (lanes 3 and 4), was carried out as described in Materials and Methods. Phi X174 Hae III markers ranging in size from 118 to 310 bp were run in parallel (lane M). Lanes 2 and 4 contain PCR amplified cDNA that has been digested with the restriction enzyme MnlI. This gel is representative of five experiments, with 10 appendages per experiment. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1998 111, 139-148DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00246.x) Copyright © 1998 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions