Renewable Energy from Landfill Gas

Corporate Overview Headquartered in Houston, Texas Operations in 47 states, District of Columbia, Canada and Puerto Rico Nearly 20 million customers Collect and process around about 115 M tons of waste 273 active landfills Over 357 collection operations 104 recycling facilities More than 45,000 employees

1. Double our waste based energy production Power 2 million homes by Triple the tons of recyclable materials processed Process 20 million tons by Invest in cleaner technologies Direct capital expenditures to reduce emissions and increase fuel efficiency by 15% 4. Preserve and restore more wildlife habitats across North America Increase the number of WHC certified facilities to 100 WM Sustainability Goals

Environmental Protection Regulations governing landfill gas: – Off-Site Underground Migration (RCRA Subtitle D) – Groundwater Contamination (RCRA Subtitle D) – Odor control – Organic Carbon Emissions through cap (CAA - NSPS) The first priority for a renewable energy project is to be compatible with landfill operations and comply with all regulations and protect the public and environment

Source of Landfill Gas Produced by the natural anaerobic decomposition of organic waste in the landfill Typical Landfill Gas Percentages Methane (CH4) 45% to 55%Methane (CH4) 45% to 55% Carbon dioxide (CO2) 35% to 45%Carbon dioxide (CO2) 35% to 45% Oxygen and nitrogen 5% to 15%Oxygen and nitrogen 5% to 15% Minor amounts of other organics and contaminantsMinor amounts of other organics and contaminants Natural gas fossil fuel is methane, so landfill gas can be used for the same purposes as natural gas

Landfill Gas Well Head

Header Pipe and Flare

Types of Landfill Gas Projects Electricity Generation Small on-site plants, off-site plants, or blended with fossil fuel at utility plant Heating Fuel (Medium BTU) Medium BTU gas used in steam boilers, kilns, dryers, greenhouses, liquids disposal, etc. Process to Natural Gas (High BTU) Remove carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, and other constituents, and deliver methane to natural gas pipeline Vehicle Fuel Process to natural gas, then compress or liquefy to produce CNG or LNG for alternative fuel vehicles

Landfill Gas Value: $/mmbtu Displaced EnergyCoal Natural Gas Wholesale Electricity LFG Project TypeMed BTU High BTUElectricity Fossil Fuel Value$2 - $4$3 - $12 $9 - $21 Discount for LFG0 – 40%40% - 70%0% Conversion Efficiency 95% 70%28% LFG Revenue$1 - $2$1 - $5$2 - $8$3 - $6 Sec 45 Tax Credits000$1.60 Renewable Energy Credits 00Maybe$ $4+

Power Generation Projects are the Most Common Renewable energy incentives are directed to electricity Renewable energy incentives are directed to electricity Renewable Portfolio Standards and Renewable Energy Credits Renewable Portfolio Standards and Renewable Energy Credits Federal tax credits Federal tax credits State subsidies, grants, and tax credits State subsidies, grants, and tax credits Technology for electricity production is low risk Technology for electricity production is low risk Access to market is universal (power lines) Access to market is universal (power lines) More amenable to landfill gas quality More amenable to landfill gas quality Less product quality risk (electricity vs. gas quality) Less product quality risk (electricity vs. gas quality) Electricity prices are less volatile than natural gas prices Electricity prices are less volatile than natural gas prices

Inventory of Landfill Gas Projects Type of ProjectU.S.*WM Electricity Generation Medium BTU High BTU20+9 Vehicle Fuel21 Totals

Renewable Energy Plant

Waste Management Business Model Currently own 47 power plants Currently own 47 power plants Capital is provided internally for projects meeting minimum Internal Rate of Return: add 8 – 12 projects per year Capital is provided internally for projects meeting minimum Internal Rate of Return: add 8 – 12 projects per year Corporate Renewable Energy Group (WMRE) performs centralized management for all projects: Corporate Renewable Energy Group (WMRE) performs centralized management for all projects: Design, construction, and commissioning Design, construction, and commissioning Plant operations Plant operations Accounting and finance Accounting and finance Energy marketing Energy marketing Landfill business unit supports the plant with backup operators, compliance management, community relations WMRE business unit pays the landfill business unit for the landfill gas used at the plant WMRE business unit pays the landfill business unit for the landfill gas used at the plant WMI has appetite for all of the tax credits WMI has appetite for all of the tax credits

Feasibility of Landfill Gas to Energy Plant Landfill Site Considerations Sufficient Landfill Gas flow Sufficient Landfill Gas flow Availability and Cost of the Utility Interconnect Availability and Cost of the Utility Interconnect Constraints of Air Permit Constraints of Air Permit Energy Value Electricity Price Electricity Price Renewable Energy Credits Renewable Energy Credits Federal Tax Credits Federal Tax Credits State Incentives State Incentives

Renewable Energy Revenue Sources Energy Pricing: varies with competitive vs. regulated markets, dominant fossil fuel Renewable Energy Credits: varies with state portfolio standards, $3 to >$30 Federal Tax Credits: $11/mwh for 10 years Federal MACRS accelerated depreciation State Incentives: investment tax credits, property tax and sales tax exemptions, grants, loans Federal Grants - ARRA

Power Pools Marginal Fuel Fuel used at normal load NG - Natural Gas C - Coal NG C & NG C C H & C H - Hydro

Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) Renewable Energy Portfolio Standards (RPS) Value range = $3 - $55 per mwh State policy that requires electricity producers to obtain a minimum percentage of their power from renewable energy resources. Producers purchase (RECs) from qualified resources in amount needed to comply with standard. Sales may cross state lines. Voluntary Utility Renewable Energy Programs Value range = $1 - $10 per mwh Customers pay a premium for blocks of renewable energy, and the utility purchases RECs from renewable resources, resulting in premium payment by utility to renewable resource. Voluntary Corporate Renewable Energy Programs Value range = $ $5 per mwh Corporations purchase RECs to support renewable energy development.

Renewable Portfolio Standards

Regulated Markets PURPA rules: utility must buy power, but at their avoided cost rate PURPA rules: utility must buy power, but at their avoided cost rate Avoided cost is approved by the state PUC Avoided cost is approved by the state PUC Avoided cost is driven by the marginal fuel cost Avoided cost is driven by the marginal fuel cost In many regulated markets, the marginal fuel is coal, so the avoided cost is often less than $30/mwh In many regulated markets, the marginal fuel is coal, so the avoided cost is often less than $30/mwh Rates are recalculated periodically, so there is no certainty of future pricing Rates are recalculated periodically, so there is no certainty of future pricing Usually sell to the distribution line owner, but may be able to wheel power to a co-op or municipal utility Usually sell to the distribution line owner, but may be able to wheel power to a co-op or municipal utility With no competition and low avoided cost rates coinciding with no RPS, renewable energy has been slow to develop in some regulated markets With no competition and low avoided cost rates coinciding with no RPS, renewable energy has been slow to develop in some regulated markets

Competitive Markets Texas, PJM, New York, New England, MISO Texas, PJM, New York, New England, MISO Competitive bidding by Retail Energy Providers Competitive bidding by Retail Energy Providers Short-term contracts: 1 to 3 years Short-term contracts: 1 to 3 years Price is based on forward curve of marginal fuel, which in most competitive markets is natural gas Price is based on forward curve of marginal fuel, which in most competitive markets is natural gas $1/mmbtu change in natural gas can result in $3/mwh to $6/mwh change in market price of power $1/mmbtu change in natural gas can result in $3/mwh to $6/mwh change in market price of power Need for Renewable Energy Credits often is the incentive for buyers, so RECs are almost always bundled with power purchase Need for Renewable Energy Credits often is the incentive for buyers, so RECs are almost always bundled with power purchase LFG is attractive because of its high capacity factor (high confidence in output) LFG is attractive because of its high capacity factor (high confidence in output)

Long-term, Fixed Price Contracts Buyers may be utilities, municipal utilities, or co-ops. Buyers may be utilities, municipal utilities, or co-ops. Buyers incentive is to lock in energy rates, obtain renewable energy credits, or both Buyers incentive is to lock in energy rates, obtain renewable energy credits, or both Renewable Energy Credits are almost always bundled with power purchase Renewable Energy Credits are almost always bundled with power purchase Utilities in states with no RPS are initiating RFPs for renewable energy Utilities in states with no RPS are initiating RFPs for renewable energy Negotiated rate must be approved by PUC, City council, or power co-op board of directors, and deemed beneficial or protective of the electricity customers Negotiated rate must be approved by PUC, City council, or power co-op board of directors, and deemed beneficial or protective of the electricity customers

Federal Production Tax Credits Section 45 Federal tax credit of $11/mwh can be claimed by the owner of a renewable energy generation facility which uses landfill gas as fuel. Tax credit can be claimed for a period of 10 years after the placed in service date. Facility must be placed in service prior to January 1, 2013 to qualify. To be eligible, no entity could have claimed previous Section 29 (45k) tax credits at the landfill

Conceptual Project Conceptual Project: 4.8 MW Capital Cost: 4.8 MW x $1.5 million/MW = $7.2 million Capacity Factor: 5% parasitic load, 95% run rate = 90% CF Output: 38,000 mwh per year Combined State & Federal tax rate = 39% Section 45 tax credits: 38,000 x $11 = $418,000 / year

Landfill Gas in the Total Energy Portfolio Drawbacks Total resource is finite Individual plant size is typically less than 10 MW Advantages Distributed energy: typically located in population centers and connected to distribution lines Base load resource: capacity factor is typically >90% Peak load generation

LFGTE compared to Wind & Solar

Solar can be a great opportunity

10 Megawatts = 60 Acres

Branding and Advertising Campaign Educate our customers that we are proud to be a garbage company, but we are also An energy company A technology company An environmental company A people company

Double our waste based energy production by 2020 Short-term initiative to build 60 new renewable energy facilities by 2013 Landfill Gas to Energy is a Key Point in the Sustainable Growth Goals

2006 National Focus Group Research: Knowledge of landfills electric generation capability moves opinion in a positive direction, with 72% of respondents having a more positive opinion 2008 Individual Site Survey: Knowledge of a planned electric generation plant made 87% of respondents more likely to favor a landfill expansion Improves Perception of Landfills

Curbside to Power