1st Semester Midterm

1. Write scientific method down in order and describe each step 1. Write scientific method down in order and describe each step. (pages 1062-1063) 1.-Problem (question) something you want to investigate 2.-Hypothesis (testable explanation) 3.-Experiment (testing) Using qualitative observations (using your 5 senses) and more importantly quantitative (more precise using measurements-NUMBERS) 4.-record (data) 5.-conclusion (did it prove or disprove hypoth. summary) Use our observations (using 5 senses data and make logical inferences (using previous information from observations) 6.-repeat

2. How many variables can be tested in each experiment? (notes) 1 and only 1

3. Define hypothesis: (page 1062) A testable possible answer to a scientific question

4. What are some avoidable and unavoidable errors in experiments 4.What are some avoidable and unavoidable errors in experiments? (page 13) avoidable-calculating, having a large enough sample for representation, bias, not including a control group & plotting/graphing errors unavoidable-nature & genetic, and species variations

--independent variable- 5.Define: (page 1062-1063) --independent variable- The 1 thing that is different in an experiment --dependent variable - What changes in the experiment because of the independent variable --Control group - Best to have a group that stays the same (not tested upon) Variable group is the experimental group Control group= Untested-the “norm” dependent variable is the results Size of both groups of Plants after experiment Fertilizer is the independent variable

6. Define theory: (page 13) Well-tested explanation from a broad range of experiments/observ.

7. What is the order of the metric prefixes 7. What is the order of the metric prefixes? hint: King Henry Died Unexpectedly Drinking Chocolate Milk (notes) k-h -dk -units-d -c -m Prefix is added onto the unit (m-meters/length, g-mass/weight & l-volume of liquid K K

8. Where do you measure liquid in a graduated cylinder? (notes) At the meniscus-which is the lowest part of the liquid's curve

9. Who are the scientists and what are their main contributions in disproving spontaneous generation?(pages 9-12) Disproved with 2 jars of meat. (1 covered and 1 uncovered) covered did not have maggots Redi- Proved using gravy-with and without covering. Both had created microorganisms. There was a FLAW in experiment Needham-

9 Cont. Disproved by redoing Needham but fixed flaw by boiling gravy enough to kill ALL microorganisms Spallanzani- Pastuer- Was known for CONCLUSIVELY disproving spontaneous generation! By using his curved-necked flask!

10. How do you set up a data table? (notes) -use observations (things seen & measured) not inferences (how you interpret the observation) -use quantitative data (numbers) & qualitative (descriptive words) use 3/4 (75%) of paper -independent variable in 1st column -dependent variables in the rest of the columns

11. What are some basic points to plotting a graph? (notes) Using best scale to fit put points Draw a straight line that passes through the area with most points to show a TREND! DO NOT CONNECT THE DOTS!

12. List the microscope parts and function. (page 1070) Stage- clip- diaphragm- eyepiece & obj. lenses- holds slide holds slide on stage decides amount of light total magnification

coarse adjustment knob- fine adjustment knob- base- nose- Cont. coarse adjustment knob- fine adjustment knob- base- nose- makes large adjustments focuses for best resolution holds microscope holds obj. lenses

Anton van Leeuwenhoek- 13.Who are the scientists and their main contributions to establishing the Cell Theory? (pages 17-171) Hooke- Anton van Leeuwenhoek- named "cells" tiny living oranisms in pond water

Schleiden- Schwann- Rudolph Virchow- plant cells animal cells 13. cont. Schleiden- Schwann- Rudolph Virchow- plant cells animal cells Cell theory

14.What are the three components of the Cell Theory? (p. 170). -New cells are produced from existing cells -Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in living things -All living things are made from cells

15.What are the characteristics of living things? (p. 16-17) -universal genetic code -are made of cells -maintain homeostasis -evolve over time

-respond to environment -obtain & use material & energy 15. cont. -grow & develop -reproduce -respond to environment -obtain & use material & energy

16.Know the types of chemical bonds. (page 38 & 41) giving and taking electrons ionic- hydrogen- covalent- water sharing electrons

17. Make a Venn diagram of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells (pages 172-173) Prokaryote Eukaryote Both 1. No nucleus DNA DNA in bound nucleus 2. very small Cell membrane much larger 3. few organelles Cytoplasm Many organelles 4. Bacteria cells plant & animal