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Kidney stones History of Kidney stones Urinary stones have afflicted humans since the dawn of history. The first known stones were discovered in Egyptian mummies. In 1901, the English Archeologist E. Smith found a bladder stone from a 4500-5000 year old mummy in El Amrah, Egypt. Description of Kidney Stones Kidney stones are hard, pebble-like pieces of material that form in one or both of your kidneys when high levels of certain minerals are in your urine.

Statistics Stones form twice as often in men as women Statistics Stones form twice as often in men as women. The peak age in men is 30 years; women have a bimodal age distribution, with peaks at 35 and 55 years, but kidney stones do occur in all age groups for men and women but more commonly happen in these ages. Once a kidney stone forms, the probability that a second stone will form within five to seven years is approximately 50%. Ten percent of all men are likely to experience this condition in their lifetime, although Caucasian men are five times more likely to develop kidney stones than African American men.

Symptoms Severe pain in the side and back, below the ribs Pain that radiates to the lower abdomen and groin Pain that comes in waves and fluctuates in intensity Pain on urination Pink, red or brown urine Cloudy or foul-smelling urine Nausea and vomiting Persistent need to urinate Urinating more often than usual Fever and chills if an infection is present Urinating small amounts

How kidney stones effect the body As they pass through your urinary tract, kidney stones can block urine from exiting your body and be very painful. If they are large, they may cause damage to the kidneys or cause you to have reoccurring urinary tract infections.

Patients with IBD(inflammatory bowel disease) A few factors that could cause kidney stones Not Enough Citrus Patients with IBD(inflammatory bowel disease)  Poor Hydration Excessive Salt Intake  Low Calcium Intake

(there are different procedures for different sizes) Treatments Drinking water. Drinking as much as 2 to 3 quarts a day may help flush out your urinary system. Unless your doctor tells you otherwise, drink enough fluid — mostly water — to produce clear or nearly clear urine. Pain relievers. Passing a small stone can cause some soreness. To relieve mild pain, your doctor may recommend pain relievers such as ibuprofen, Tylenol, or Aleve. Medical therapy. Your doctor may give you a medication to help pass your kidney stone. These types of medications relax the muscles in your ureter, which help you pass the kidney stone more quickly and with less pain. (there are different procedures for different sizes)

How to prevent kidney stones 1.Stay hydrated. Drinking more water is the best way to prevent kidney stones. 2.Eat more calcium-rich foods. 3.Eat less sodium. 4.Eat fewer oxalate-rich foods. 5.Eat less animal protein. 6.Avoid vitamin C supplements. 7.Explore herbal remedies.

How it effects day to day life Pain areas: in the back or side part of the body Pain types: can be severe, sharp, or sudden in the abdomen Pain circumstances: can occur during urination  nausea or vomiting Urinary: blood in urine or frequent urination Also common: sweating

History of kidney stones - KidneyStoners.org “Egyptian mummies. In 1901, the English Archeologist E. Smith found a bladder stone” How to Prevent Kidney Stones: 9 Ways - Healthline https://www.healthline.com/health/kidney-health/how-to-prevent-kidney-stones1. Stay hydrated