Grauer and Barber Series Computing Concepts Information 4/17/2019

What is a Computer? A computer is an electronic device that Accepts data from an input device Temporarily stores the data in the computer’s temporary memory Processes the data to create information Outputs information to an output device  Computing Concepts Information 4/17/2019

Father of the Computer Charles Babbage (1792-1871) Worked on building the Analytical Engine Analytical Engine beyond technology of time Ada Lovelace, the first programmer, worked on project also Computing Concepts Information 4/17/2019

Computer System Components Computer software (System and application) Computer processor and memory (RAM) Random Access Memory Peripheral devices – devices that are connected to the computer system Computing Concepts Information 4/17/2019

Personal Computer components CPU Central Processing Unit ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit and CU Control Unit Temporary memory or RAM (Random Access Memory Input devices such as keyboard and mouse Output devices such as printers and speakers Auxiliary devices such as floppy disk and hard disk Computing Concepts Information 4/17/2019

Computer System Components Computing Concepts Information 4/17/2019

Computer System - IPOS Computing Concepts Information 4/17/2019

System Software Software that drives the hardware Loaded into RAM when computer is turned on Links various hardware components to one another Examples of system software include Bootstrap loader program Diagnostics program Operating system such as Windows NT Computing Concepts Information 4/17/2019

Application Software User Software to create various information include Word Processing Spreadsheet/graphics Desktop publishing Database Communications Computing Concepts Information 4/17/2019

Microcomputer Systems Manufacturers include Apple and IBM and IBM-compatible Types of systems include Palmtops, Notebook, Laptop, PDA’s, desktop systems, and workstations Network computers Computing Concepts Information 4/17/2019

Mainframe Computer Systems Mainframe (large) computers are large, multi-user systems IBM manufacturer of Mainframe systems Used for applications that are input/output bound Computer is a centralized, host system Connections for users include terminals and personal computers Staff of computer professional are needed to run system Computing Concepts Information 4/17/2019

Supercomputer Systems Largest and fastest computers in the world Cray Inc manufacturer of supercomputer systems Used for applications that are processor-bound Used in research applications such as weather forecasting, scientific investigations, and advanced graphic usage Staff of computer professional are needed to run system Computing Concepts Information 4/17/2019

1 Bits and Bytes Digital computers store data/information and programs in digital form Data is represented by a combination of on and off bits or binary digits on bits represented by 1 off bits represented by 0 A combination of bits represent characters or bytes in memory Representation is in binary form using coding scheme like ASCII or EBCIDIC (8-bit codes) or UNICODE (16-bit code) Computing Concepts Information 4/17/2019

Inside the Personal Computer IBM Personal computer introduced in 1981 Microprocessor system is produced by various manufacturers such as Intel and AMD Microsoft developed software for PC Computing Concepts Information 4/17/2019

Inside the PC System includes the motherboard or system board All components are connected to this electronic board Components of system board include Microprocessor chip (CPU), memory chips (RAM and ROM), expansion slots, auxiliary storage devices, cooling fan, power supply, and ports. Computing Concepts Information 4/17/2019

The Microprocessor Chip Earlier chips for IBM and IBM-compatible computers included the 286, 386, and 486-based processors Current chip includes Intel’s Pentium III and Pentium 4 processors Other chips include chips produced by manufacturers such as AMD and Cyrix Computing Concepts Information 4/17/2019

The Microprocessor Processing Speed Processor speed is measured by megahertz or gigahertz clock speed. 1 megahertz (MHz) refers to one million instructions per second (MIPS) Advanced systems process via gigahertz (GHz) (billions instructions per second) iCOMP is a performance measurement of microprocessors The faster the processor, the higher the cost of system Computing Concepts Information 4/17/2019

Computer Memory - RAM RAM (Random Access Memory) holds data, programs, and information during processing Volatile memory Measured in kilobytes (KB) (Older systems), megabytes (PC’s) (MB) and gigabytes (GB) (Larger systems) Types of RAM include SDRAM, RDRAM Memory chips available for expansion include SIMM’s – Single in-line memory modules DIMM’s, - Dual in-line memory modules RIMMS – Rambus in-line memory modules (fastest) Computing Concepts Information 4/17/2019

Computer Memory - ROM ROM (Read only memory) unalterable memory that holds hardware instructions Non Volatile memory Programmed by the computer manufacturer Holds system software such as Bootstrap loader program, diagnostics program, BIOS Other types of ROM include PROM – Programmable read-only memory Computing Concepts Information 4/17/2019

Files and Auxiliary Storage Files created are saved to auxiliary storage Types of files include ASCII text files Data files Files created with various software products Graphic, audio, and video Computing Concepts Information 4/17/2019

Auxiliary or Permanent Storage – Magnetic Types of storage includes Floppy disk (1.44 MB) (A or B drive Letter) Superdisk (120 MB) Zip drives (100 MB/250 MB)/ JAZ Drives (GB) Hard drive (measured in MB or GB) (C drive) Tape backup units (TBU) Computing Concepts Information 4/17/2019

Care of Floppy Diskettes Don’t force the disk into drive Don’t touch the disk surface Keep away from electrical devices Keep out of extreme temperatures Store the disks in a protective container Never remove from drive when light is on Computing Concepts Information 4/17/2019

Auxiliary or Permanent Storage – Optical Types of storage include CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory) 680 MB equivalent to 477 floppy disks DVD (Digital Videodisk) 17 GB CD-R (Compact Disk-Recordable) CD-RW (Compact Disk ReWritable) WORM (Write Once/Read Many) Computing Concepts Information 4/17/2019

Auxiliary Storage Issues Compression Computer Viruses Backup Computing Concepts Information 4/17/2019

Input and Output Devices Input Devices Keyboard Mouse, trackball Joystick Light Pen Touch Screens Scanners MICR Speech recognition Vision Input Digital Cameras Hand held devices Output Devices Monitors Printers Multimedia projector Voice-output systems Computing Concepts Information 4/17/2019

PC Buyer’s Guide Decide on price range for system Determine information processing needs and conduct research Choose PC platform and perform cost feasibility Decide on software purchase and peripheral devices Select and purchase your computer system Identify additional costs such as extended warranty services. Computing Concepts Information 4/17/2019

Evolution of the Desktop/Operating System Text-Based Operating System Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-DOS) GUI (Graphical User Interface) System Microsoft Windows 3.1 Microsoft Windows 95/98 Microsoft Windows 2000 Microsoft Window NT Computing Concepts Information 4/17/2019

Computer Viruses A program written maliciously to harm hardware/software Sources of Viruses The Internet Infected diskettes Computer networks Use an antivirus program to kill a virus Computing Concepts Information 4/17/2019

Backup Make duplicate copies of important files Files should be backup up periodically Use copy or diskcopy commands for backup purposes Software such as Microsoft Backup can also be used Computing Concepts Information 4/17/2019

Application Software Types of Application software Propriety Shareware Freeware or Public Domain Computing Concepts Information 4/17/2019

Application Software Types include Word processing Spreadsheets Database Management Presentation Browser Desktop publishing Communication Computing Concepts Information 4/17/2019

LAN (Local Area Networks) Collection of hardware, software and communication channels Allows for sharing data, information, and software among users Other types of networks include MAN’s and WAN’s Computing Concepts Information 4/17/2019

The Internet and WWW (World Wide Web) Global, interconnected network information system Links global users from all types of organizations Began with Department of Defense project called ARPANET Computing Concepts Information 4/17/2019

The Internet and WWW Graphical browser is used to view information on Internet servers Microsoft Internet Explorer Netscape Communicator TCP/IP is the protocol for Internet Computing Concepts Information 4/17/2019

Connecting to the Internet Different ways to connect include Dialup connection through an Information service provider (ISP) Direct via network connection using ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) T-1 line T-3 line Computing Concepts Information 4/17/2019

Uploading and Downloading Files Files can sent to a computer system Downloading Files are received to a computer system Compressing Files can be compressed to reduce file size Computing Concepts Information 4/17/2019

Electronic Mail (e-mail) Sending and receiving messages electronically via the Internet Use a username/ password to enter system Free e-mail accounts are available from various companies on Internet Computing Concepts Information 4/17/2019