Fluids: Floating & Flying (Power Point 04)

Student Leaning Objectives Analyze fluid principles and apply to floating and flying Distinguish between force and pressure Recall factors that allow floating Differentiate between cohesion and adhesion Identify examples of Pascal’s principle and Bernoulli’s principle

How is pressure different from force? Pressure is determined from how the force is distributed. P = F A Image: shutterstock.com

Practice 1) Why do large trucks have so many tires?   2) Which would result in the greater pressure on your bare foot? A 150 pound person steps on your foot with her bare foot. A 150 pound person steps on your foot with a spike heal. 3) What is psi? Where do we typically measure pressure in psi?

Video Credit: geobeats https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTst6ZdlVtg Video Credit: geobeats

What determines the amount of pressure in a fluid? In a fluid, pressure is exerted in all directions. Fluid pressure depends on density and depth. P = Dgh Same Depth Same Pressure

Atmospheric Pressure The normal atmospheric (air) pressure at sea level is one atmosphere. 1 atm 14.7 lbs/in2 101,300 N/m2 The pressure in water increases by about 1 atm per 10 m of depth. Image: Wikimedia commons

Practice How much pressure would a scuba diver experience when they dive to 5 meters depth in water? Where would the air pressure be greater, Denver, CO (elevation 5000 ft) or at the beach in California (elevation 0 ft)? Why?

What factors allow floating? Relative density allows objects or substances to float. Density is the amount of mass contained in a standard volume. (Compactness) D = m V

Practice Which of these would float to the top of water? Which of these is most compact? Is it possible for steel to float on water? Explain. Material Density Air 0.00129 g/cm3 Water 1 g/cm3 Sea Water 1.025 g/cm3 Steel 7.85 g/cm3 Lead 11.389 g/cm3 Gold 19.3 g/cm3

Archimedes Principle FB = Wfluid Displacement of water allows objects float. The buoyancy force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. FB = Wfluid Image Credit: Kullabs.com

500,000 Ton Ship = 500,000 Tons Water Displaced Steel Ships 500,000 Ton Ship = 500,000 Tons Water Displaced

Largest pressure vector Buoyancy & Pressure The buoyancy force is a result of the net upward pressure from the fluid. Pressures balance when an object floats. Pwater = Pboat Largest pressure vector from greatest depth

Practice A helium balloon that is released into the sky will rise for a time, and then maintain the same altitude as it travels away from you. Explain the motion. My body displaces the same volume of air as water; however I do not float in air. Why?

More Practice Two ships of equal mass are made of the same material, but have different shapes. Both ships are floating in water. Is the buoyancy force greater on ship 1 or ship 2? Which ship’s square cargo area sits higher on the water? Which ship can carry more people? 1 2

Thinking about Measurements Practice A toy raft weighs 20 lbs (89 N) and is floating in fresh water (1000 kg/m3). The raft has a flat bottom that measures 50 cm by 20 cm.   What is the buoyant force on the raft? What does the water weigh that is displaced by the raft? If the raft travels out into the cold sea, what will change? What would be the height of the water line on the raft?

Cohesion & Adhesion Surface tension allows objects that would normally sink to “float” on top of a fluid. Cohesion attraction between like molecules in a fluid (strongest at surface) Adhesion attraction between unlike molecules http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/surten.html Image Credit: hyperphysics

How is Pascal’s Principle applied? A change in pressure at any point in an enclosed fluid is exerted on all other parts of the fluid. The same force is applied to every part of the fluid.

Practice How much force would a person need to apply to lift the car?

How is Bernoulli’s Principle applied? As the velocity of the fluid increases, the pressure within the fluid decreases. There is a change in pressure when fluid is flowing around an object. v ↑ P ↓

Trucks & Trains Image Credit: philschatz.com http://philschatz.com/physics-book/contents/m42206.html Image Credit: philschatz.com

Airplanes Less Pressure Down Air Flow More Pressure Up Wing Image Credit: mysciencesite.com

Practice Where is the pressure greater when there is airflow? What does that do? Open Source Images