Unit 4 Notes Questions 9. Why did Theodore Roosevelt receive the Novel Peace Prize in 1906? He was a leader of a group of Rough Riders. He encouraged the construction of the Panama Canal. He helped negotiate the end of the war between Russia and Japan He refused to allow the imperial European powers to take control in the Americas.

U.S. At war Unit 3 Notes (pg. 5 - )

Objectives: What caused World War I? What alliances divided Europe in 1914? What diplomatic crises sparked the war?

Causes of WWI: Nationalism, devotion to interests of one’s nation, leads to competition and antagonism between nations. Various ethnic groups sent domination and want their independence For example, Serbia wanted liberation from Austria-Hungary and asked Russia for help because of pan-Slavism. Empires were expensive to build and to defend. The growth of nationalism and imperialism led to increased military spending. Militarism – development of armed forces, their use in diplomacy By 1890, Germany has the strongest army on European continent Leads other powers to join naval arms race

Alliance System In Europe, there were two alliances: Alliances give a sense of security; nations unwilling to tip the balance of power Triple Entente or Allies – France, Britain, and Russia Central Powers – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire

An Assassination leads to war Balkan known as “the powder keg of Europe” because ethnic rivalries among Balkan people and leading powers have economic and political interest. The Austria-Hungary empire had control of Serbia and Bosnian. The archduke Franz Ferdinand went to visit the capital of Bosnia, Sarajevo. While there, a Serbian- nationalist and member of the terrorist group the Black Hand shot and killed him. With Germany’s approval, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.

Trench Warfare Then Germany enacted the Schlieffen Plan – hold Russia and defeat France by going through neutral Belgium to Paris. Germany destroyed Belgium, and Britain then joined the war. By spring of 1915, there were two parallel systems of trenches across France. In between was “No man’s land” The scale of killing was horrific and fighting inconclusive

The War hits home President Woodrow Wilson declared that the U.S. would remain neutral practicing isolationism. Against joining war: socialists and pacifists; others who are concerned about losing their children In favor of joining war: those who feel ties to British ancestry, language, democracy, etc. U.S. business has a tough time breaking economic ties during war. More than double amount of supplies went to Allies. America sent supplies to Germany, but because of the British Blockade they seldom reached their destination. Germany uses unrestricted submarine warfare and sinks the British Lusitania, 128 Americans among the dead. U.S. public opinion turns against Germany President Wilson protests, but Germany continues to sink ships Germany threatens U.S. to get Britain to end flood blockade

Wilson declares war In 1916, Wilson runs for reelection against republican Charles Evan Hughes. His slogan “He Kept Us out of War.” Wilson continues to fight for peace, and Germany continues to sink ships and kill Americans. British agents intercept the Zimmerman note, which proposes an alliance between Germany and Mexico against the U.S. Russian monarchy is replaced with representative government. Russia suffering the most casualties and was the location of most fighting, drops out of war. At last, Wilson calls for war to make world “safe for democracy”

Unit 4 Notes Questions 10. How did militarism threaten the peace in early 20th century Europe? Alliances between minor countries resulted in rivalries with major countries. Competition for larger navies caused an arms race between major countries. Countries competed for natural resources and markets by acquiring new colonies. Members of ethnic groups attempted to unite territories under one national government. 11. During the initial German invasion of France in 1914, the Allies used ____________ to halt the German army’s advance.

U.S. at war To meet the government’s need for more fighting power, Congress passed the Selective Service Act – men must register to be selected for military service. “…black men, yellow men, white men, from all quarter of the globe, are fighting side by side to free the world from the Hun peril. That’s the patriotism of quality!” But African Americans in segregated units; excluded from navy and marines Women in military as nurses, secretaries, and phone operators Convoy System – to expand fleet to transport men, food, and equipment, U.S. has destroyers escort merchant ships across Atlantic – death toll drops dramatically The first U.S. troops arrived in France with General John J. Pershing – formed the American Expeditionary Force

New Weapons = new injuries WWI introduced people to a new world of weapons that would become standard in modern war. By 1917, British learn to use tanks to clear path for infantry. Early plans are flimsy, but do scouting – late are stronger and faster, and carry machine guns and heavy bombs. New weapons and tactics lead to horrific injuries Troops encounter filth, pests, polluted water, poison gas, and dead bodies Trench foot and trench mouth