European and International Migration Amanda Klekowski von Koppenfels ak248@kent.ac.uk

Terminology immigrant/emigrant/migrant country of emigration/origin, sending country country of immigration/destination, receiving/host country transit countries/third countries/ third country national clandestine, irregular, undocumented, unauthorized, illegal migration, sans-papiers stocks of migrants /flows of migrants. trafficking and smuggling UN definition of a long-term migrant is someone out of country of birth or nationality for more than 12 months. 2

Diversity of Migration Broadly: voluntary vs forced (Asylum-seekers/ refugees, IDPs, trafficked persons) Temporary vs permanent. Regular vs irregular. But: all of these have large gray areas. Someone fleeing for a personal reason not recognized as a reason for refugee status; accidental migrant, shifting statuses. 3

Who are Migrants (cont’d) Labor migrants – subdivided into highly skilled and unskilled. Seasonal. Economic migrants Students Family unification Privileged migration – co-ethnic policies or colonial past. Return migration. Migrants vs expatriates?

Discussion questions 1. What do you think the term ‘illegal immigrant’ implies? 2. What does the term ‘refugee’ mean? 3. What is the difference between a ‘migrant’ and an ‘expatriate’? 4. Can a British person be a migrant? A French person? When are they migrants, and when are they not? Break into groups, each choose two questions, and discuss. Report back in 15 minutes.

Source: Castles and Miller 2009: 85 6

Source: Castles and Miller 2009: 98 This was really the period that brought migration to Europe in a significant way. Source: Castles and Miller 2009: 98 7

Data What percent of the world’s population are migrants? 215 million (as of 2009) – per UN definition – ca 3% of world’s population. Give big caveat on data – only what is reported, why might this be completely wrong, etc etc. 8

Where are migrants? As of 2010 (source: World Bank): 43% in high-income OECD countries 14% in high-income non-OECD countries 43% in developing countries

Source: Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011, World Bank.

Very few of them European.

Impact of Brain Drain… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tCSmIYmPOi4

Explaining Migration Two key questions: Why do people migrate? Some theories explain why movement starts Others explain the perpetuation of migration Why do they migrate to a specific country?

Why do people migrate? Neo-classical economics (supply/ demand, wage equilibrium, economic push-pull factors) Largely discredited as an explanatory mechanism on its own. Push and pull factors: NOT a sufficient explanation: push factors: population growth, low living standards, environmental degradation, conflict, lack of economic opportunity and political repression; pull factors: demand for labor, available land, good economic opportunities, political or religious freedoms.

Migration Theory Relative deprivation (households, taking a step away from pure question of wage differential between sending and receiving and moving to wage differential in sending country/region). Network theory (role of social, family networks in determining where migrants go, how migration is perpetuated) Migration Systems Theory (looking at migration as a system, with a sending and receiving end, links of various cultural, historical, etc) Macro-structural explanations:

British Empire = basis for a migration system. T&T. Source: http://www.ozedweb.com/history/oz_british_empire_growth.htm 20

Source: Castles and Miller 2009: 81 21

EU Competencies in Migration Refugees – Directives on: Reception, Qualification and Procedure (between 1999 and 2005) Dublin Regulation (2003, revised from 1990 Dublin Convention) Blue Card 2007 (not yet fully implemented) Integration – 2004 Common Basic Principles (guidelines only); 2003 Directive on the Status of Long-Term Residents NOT citizenship (although Long-Term Residents Directive allows for testing as a condition of naturalization) NO quotas.