Evaluate the Credibility of Claims and Sources

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Presentation transcript:

Evaluate the Credibility of Claims and Sources Chapter 6 Evaluate the Credibility of Claims and Sources

Assessing the Source—Whom Should I Trust? As critical thinkers, we are inquisitive truth-seekers with a healthy sense of skepticism Examples Claims without Reasons “Can I trust this person to be telling me the truth or even to know the truth?” © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Assessing the Source—Whom Should I Trust? Cognitive Development and Healthy Skepticism The issue of trust—in particular, trust of authorities—is connected to our maturation Strong critical thinkers cultivate a healthy sense of skepticism © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Assessing the Source—Whom Should I Trust? Authority and Expertise What does authority really mean? How do authority figures change as we mature? Who do they become? Examples How do we see authority figures differently as we mature? © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Assessing the Source—Whom Should I Trust? On-Topic, Up-to-Date, Capable of Explaining Unbiased and Truthful Free of Conflicts of Interest, and Acting in the Client’s Interest Unconstrained, Informed, and Mentally Stable Twelve Characteristics of a Trustworthy Source © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Assessing the Source—Whom Should I Trust? When evaluating a trusted source on topic X, it would be reasonable for us to trust a person: Who fulfills all twelve of the criteria below: Learned in topic X Experienced in topic X Speaking about X © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Assessing the Source—Whom Should I Trust? Up-to-date about X Capable of explaining the basis for their claim or their advice about X Unbiased Truthful Free of conflicts of interest © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Assessing the Source—Whom Should I Trust? Acting in accord with our interests Unconstrained Informed about the specifics of the case at hand Mentally stable High standards when it comes to establishing and maintaining trust © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Levels of Thinking and Knowing © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Levels of Thinking and Knowing © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Assessing the Substance—What Should I believe? Donkey Dung Detector Self-Contradictions and Tautologies A self-contradictory statement cannot be true Cultivate a Healthy Sense of Skepticism Marketing, Spin, Disinformation, and Propaganda © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Assessing the Substance—What Should I believe? Claims without supporting reasons are the stock and trade of people with ulterior motives Slanted Language and Loaded Expressions It is difficult to evaluate claims that: Use language that carries a positive or negative emotional charge © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Independent Verification Can the Claim Be Confirmed? Can the Claim Be Disconfirmed? Independent Investigation and the Q-Ray Bracelet Case Suspending Judgment Judgments in contexts of uncertainty are unavoidable © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Independent Verification © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.