The Y chromosome in the era of intracytoplasmic sperm injection: a personal review Sherman J. Silber, M.D. Fertility and Sterility Volume 95, Issue 8, Pages 2439-2448.e5 (June 2011) DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.05.070 Copyright © 2011 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions
Figure 1 Early map of major Y chromosome deletions in azoospermic men and the diversity of pathologic defects (3). Fertility and Sterility 2011 95, 2439-2448.e5DOI: (10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.05.070) Copyright © 2011 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions
Figure 2 Simplified diagram of the main areas for Y chromosome microdeletions, including some that are less frequently studied, such as B2-B3 (106). Fertility and Sterility 2011 95, 2439-2448.e5DOI: (10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.05.070) Copyright © 2011 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions
Figure 3 Diagram of DNA sequence boundaries of AZFc deletion and the mechanism of AZFc deletion (2). Fertility and Sterility 2011 95, 2439-2448.e5DOI: (10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.05.070) Copyright © 2011 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions
Figure 4 Y deletions are transmitted to all male intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) offspring. The top lines show the normal Y chromosome of the infertile male’s father. The next lines show the AZFc deletions of the infertile male and the identical AZFc deletions of his male ICSI offspring (9). Fertility and Sterility 2011 95, 2439-2448.e5DOI: (10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.05.070) Copyright © 2011 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions
Supplemental Figure 1 A theoretical model showing that eventually the sperm count will continue to go down and reach zero in 10,000 years because of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) (49) (references are as provided in the original print article). Fertility and Sterility 2011 95, 2439-2448.e5DOI: (10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.05.070) Copyright © 2011 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions
Supplemental Figure 2 Diagram showing the evolutionary accumulation of male-specific genes to the Y chromosome by transposition, retroposition, and persistence (15, 138). Fertility and Sterility 2011 95, 2439-2448.e5DOI: (10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.05.070) Copyright © 2011 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions
Supplemental Figure 3 Evolution of Y chromosome from what was originally a pair of ordinary autosomes 300,000,000 years ago. Fertility and Sterility 2011 95, 2439-2448.e5DOI: (10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.05.070) Copyright © 2011 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions
Supplemental Figure 4 All “male-benefit” spermatogenic genes on the Y chromosome have accumulated in ampliconic regions of repeat DNA sequences and inverted repeat DNA sequences (8) (references are as provided in the original print article). Fertility and Sterility 2011 95, 2439-2448.e5DOI: (10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.05.070) Copyright © 2011 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions