INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE THE IMPORTANCE OF NEWCOMEN DISCOVERIES ON COAL MINING

PLAN Problematic Problematic First discoveries on the 17th century First discoveries on the 17th century Newcomens personal history Newcomens personal history Newcomens steam engine Newcomens steam engine Opening on other discoveries later Opening on other discoveries later Survey on Ventron textile museum Survey on Ventron textile museum Conclusion Conclusion

PROBLEMATIC How to move large quantities of water from deep coal mines? How to move large quantities of water from deep coal mines? Context : Context : 18th century : rapid development of Britain industry and coal-mining 18th century : rapid development of Britain industry and coal-mining Problem : water flowing into the mines as miners went deeper was a major problem. Problem : water flowing into the mines as miners went deeper was a major problem.

FIRST DISCOVERIES Discovery that Discovery that earths atmosphere earths atmosphere exerts a pressure exerts a pressure = determination of that = determination of that pressure pressure Papins experiments Papins experiments

Thomas Savery : Thomas Savery : « Raising water by « Raising water by the impellant force the impellant force of fire » of fire »

NEWCOMENS LIFE Born in 1663 in Darmouth (Devon) Born in 1663 in Darmouth (Devon) An humble position : « ironmonger » and blacksmith of Darmouth An humble position : « ironmonger » and blacksmith of Darmouth His trade with metal mines His trade with metal mines His experiments on Saverymachine : The patent with John Calley His experiments on Saverymachine : The patent with John Calley 1708 : The patent in combination with Savery 1708 : The patent in combination with Savery Died in 1729 : the denigration of scientifics academics Died in 1729 : the denigration of scientifics academics

THE ATMOSPHERIC STEAM ENGINE

THE HISTORY Major breakthrough : inject cold water directly into the engine Major breakthrough : inject cold water directly into the engine First recorded Newcomen engine : coal pit near Dudley Castle in Staffordshire in 1712 First recorded Newcomen engine : coal pit near Dudley Castle in Staffordshire in 1712 Cylinder : diameter 21 inches (533 mm) Cylinder : diameter 21 inches (533 mm) Distance : 51 yards (46.6 metres) Distance : 51 yards (46.6 metres) Rate : 120 gallons per min (546 litres) Rate : 120 gallons per min (546 litres)

THE PROCESS

Water is boiled continuously to produce steam. Water is boiled continuously to produce steam. The rising piston creates a vacuum in the cylinder. Water flows up the suction pipe because of atmospheric pressure and fills the cylinder. The rising piston creates a vacuum in the cylinder. Water flows up the suction pipe because of atmospheric pressure and fills the cylinder. The pressure is insufficient to lift the piston on its own -- the weight of the pump rod does most of the work. The pressure is insufficient to lift the piston on its own -- the weight of the pump rod does most of the work.

At the top of the stroke the steam valve is closed and a water jet is briefly turned on, cooling the steam in the cylinder. At the top of the stroke the steam valve is closed and a water jet is briefly turned on, cooling the steam in the cylinder.

The cool steam contracts, sucking the piston downward. The cool steam contracts, sucking the piston downward....Or stated another way: the higher atmospheric pressure drives the piston downward, hence the name atmospheric engine....Or stated another way: the higher atmospheric pressure drives the piston downward, hence the name atmospheric engine. At the end of the stroke, the cooling water is drained from the cylinder by an extra passage not illustrated here. At the end of the stroke, the cooling water is drained from the cylinder by an extra passage not illustrated here.

During the upward stroke, During the upward stroke, an auxiliary pump fills the cooling water reservoir. an auxiliary pump fills the cooling water reservoir.

THE SUCCESS protect the engine under Saverys patent protect the engine under Saverys patent First self-operating machine First self-operating machine Dominate mine pumping for nearly 2 centuries Dominate mine pumping for nearly 2 centuries By 1800 : 1800 engines were built By 1800 : 1800 engines were built 20th century : a few were still working 20th century : a few were still working

ADVANTAGESDRAWBACKS -Built using technology of the time -Provide a water supply to big cities -Easy to operate (at the beginning manually operated valves : after valve gear) -Steam pressure needed was very low -Replace a team of 500 horses -Lack of efficiency (1%) -Needed a lot of people : 1 for valves + some for fire -High fuel consumption and inefficient boilers = 1 foot of water (305mm) for the consumption of a bushel of coal (38kg) -Low rate of condensation of steam -Problem of discontinuity on the movement = after some working cycles, machines stopped. -risk of a boiler explosion

OPENING ON WATT INNOVATION On years 1760s : Watt had to repair a Newcomens model On years 1760s : Watt had to repair a Newcomens model Problem lay in the cyclic heating and cooling of the cylinder = separate condenser Problem lay in the cyclic heating and cooling of the cylinder = separate condenser Put double-action machines in place of single- action ones as Newcomen steam engine Put double-action machines in place of single- action ones as Newcomen steam engine = continuity of the movement

SURVEY ON VENTRON TEXTILE MUSEUM

PROBLEMATIC How to supply textile factories with energy? How to supply textile factories with energy? Context : Context : 20th century : development of the electricity 20th century : development of the electricity Problem :cost of electricity in off-peak hours Problem :cost of electricity in off-peak hours

PRESENTATION OF THE MUSEUM Building of the first textile factories category Building of the first textile factories category Relate the history of thread and textile production Relate the history of thread and textile production 4 floors : 4 floors : - driving force of textile industry - spinning of the cotton - industrial weaving - work of the flax

THE WATT ENGINE Built in 1903 by « Société Anonyme de Mécanique Industrielle dAnzin » Built in 1903 by « Société Anonyme de Mécanique Industrielle dAnzin » Power : 30 horses Power : 30 horses Weight : 5 thunders Weight : 5 thunders Diameter : 4 meters Diameter : 4 meters

BOILER Built in 1902 Built in 1902 Maximum pressure : Maximum pressure : 12 kg Dimensions : Dimensions :8x(2x3.2) Composed of Composed of 2 boilers

CENTRIFUGAL GOVERNOR If the engine gained If the engine gained excessive speed, centrifugal force drove the balls and the balls the steam valve. The engine then slowed. The engine then slowed.

MANOMETER measure steam pressure measure steam pressure within the engine connected to connected to the position of the piston of the piston at the beginning : at the beginning : a pencil traced the Indicator Diagram

divert the spent steam divert the spent steam out of the cylinder and into a separate chamber, called a condenser, where it was cooled. Machine more efficient Machine more efficient CONDENSER

CRANKSHAFT part of an engine which translates reciprocating linear piston motion into rotation

TRANSMISSION

SPINNING PROCESS Bale cleaner Card Comber Spinning spoolSpinning machine

CONCLUSION Importance of Newcomens discoveries and achievements Importance of Newcomens discoveries and achievements Improvement of our knowledge on visiting Ventron museum Improvement of our knowledge on visiting Ventron museum Our feelings about this visit Our feelings about this visit