Thermodynamics Universe Surroundings System Heat Work Mass

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Presentation transcript:

Thermodynamics Universe Surroundings System Heat Work Mass Concerns the study of the Equilibrium properties (or quasi-static equilibrium) of a system and its surroundings. Temperature is a variable, and heat and work are somehow involved. Heat is energy in transit. Universe System Surroundings Heat Work Mass Equilibrium = macroscopic variables describing the macrostate do not change in time The above system is open.

Thermodynamics Universe Surroundings System Heat Work Concerns the study of the Equilibrium properties (or quasi-static equilibrium) of a system and its surroundings. Temperature is a variable, and heat and work are somehow involved. Heat is energy in transit. Concerns the study of the Equilibrium properties (or quasi-static equilibrium) of a system and its surroundings. Temperature is a variable, and heat and work are somehow involved. Universe Surroundings System Heat Work The above system is closed.

Thermodynamics Universe Surroundings System Work Mass Concerns the study of the Equilibrium properties (or quasi-static equilibrium) of a system and its surroundings. Temperature is a variable, and heat and work are somehow involved. Heat is energy in transit. Concerns the study of the Equilibrium properties (or quasi-static equilibrium) of a system and its surroundings. Temperature is a variable, and heat and work are somehow involved. Universe Surroundings System Work Mass The above system is undergoing an adiabatic change.

Thermodynamics Universe Surroundings System Concerns the study of the Equilibrium properties (or quasi-static equilibrium) of a system and its surroundings. Temperature is a variable, and heat and work are somehow involved. Heat is energy in transit. Concerns the study of the Equilibrium properties (or quasi-static equilibrium) of a system and its surroundings. Temperature is a variable, and heat and work are somehow involved. Universe Surroundings System The above system is isolated.

Thermodynamics Universe Surroundings System System Wall Concerns the study of the Equilibrium properties (or quasi-static equilibrium) of a system and its surroundings. Temperature is a variable, and heat and work are somehow involved. Heat is energy in transit. Concerns the study of the Equilibrium properties (or quasi-static equilibrium) of a system and its surroundings. Temperature is a variable, and heat and work are somehow involved. Universe Surroundings System System Wall The above system is isolated.

Thermodynamics Universe Surroundings System Heat System Wall Concerns the study of the Equilibrium properties (or quasi-static equilibrium) of a system and its surroundings. Temperature is a variable, and heat and work are somehow involved. Heat is energy in transit. Concerns the study of the Equilibrium properties (or quasi-static equilibrium) of a system and its surroundings. Temperature is a variable, and heat and work are somehow involved. Universe Surroundings System Heat System Wall The above is an example of a diathermal wall.

Example: pV – nmRT = 0 (ideal gas law) Equations of state An equation of state is a mathematical relation between state variables, e.g. p, V & T. This reduces the number of independent variables to two. General form: f (p,V,T) = 0 Example: pV – nmRT = 0 (ideal gas law) Defines a 2D surface in p-V-T state space. Each point on this surface represents an unique state of the system. f (p,V,T) = 0 Equilibrium state: macroscopic variables do not change in time!

Joule’s apparatus for measuring the mechanical equivalent of heat 1 cal = 4.184 J will raise temperature of water by 1 C (14.5 C to 15.5 C)

Specific heats of ideal gases Now that we have an expression for the internal energy of an ideal gas, we can calculate the specific heats: