The World of Islam 6.1 & 6.2

Chapter 6 Section 1 The Rise of Islam

Main Idea The Revelations of Muhammad led to the creation of the Islamic religion

Life of Muhammad: Caravan Manager Born in Mecca to a merchant family, orphaned at age 5 Grew up and married into money (a rich widow) What examples can you give of greediness by the elite class in the U.S.? Muhammad was troubled by the gap between the rich and the poor He began to meditate What is meditation? Using your background knowledge, why do you believe he began to meditate? What is a revelation? Troubled by the gap between the generosity of most and greediness of elites

The Prophetic Tradition Revelations The Prophetic Tradition Received revelations from God given by the angel Gabriel Believed God already revealed himself through Moses and Jesus (Hebrew and Christian traditions) But believed the final revelations from Allah were given to him. What do you think his wife thought about all of this? Hearing an angel while meditating? He had a very supportive wife. She was the first to convert to Islam. Otherwise, the story might have ended there… Adam Noah Abraham How many people do you believe they converted in 3 years? Answer: 30 Moses Jesus Muhammad

The Qur’an (Koran) Muslims believe what was said to Muhammad was eventually written down 114 suras (chapters). In the name of Allah, the compassionate, the merciful. Written in Arabic.

ISLAM- The Basics Islam means “peace through submission to the will of god” Islam…..is the religion Muslim- those who practice Islam Muslims….are the people “Peace through submission to the will of God” means they also had to listen to his prophet. This is how Muhammad became a religious and political leader Boxer Muhammad Ali was born Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr. Changed his name after converting to Islam

The Teachings of Muhammad In 622 (year 1 of the Islamic calendar) Muhammad and his followers moved from Makkah (Mecca) to Madinah (Medina) Medina: City of the Prophet Journey to Medina known as Hijrah Monotheistic Muhammad is considered a prophet Five pillars of Islam (More on this next): Belief: one god Allah Prayer: 5 times a day Charity: give part of their wealth to the poor Fasting: Ramadan refrain from food and drink sunrise to sunset Pilgrimage: to Mecca (hajj) Way of life, not just belief Shari’ah- practical laws to regulate daily lives Based on interpretations of the Quran Family life, business practice, gov’t and moral conduct Does NOT separate religious matters from political or civil laws Forbidden to gamble, eat pork, drink alcohol or engage in dishonest behavior Muhammad is NOT divine. He is similar to Moses for Christians What other religions are monotheistic? Islam is a direct and simple faith- obey Allah

1. The Shahada The testimony/declaration of faith: There is no god worthy of worship except God, and Muhammad is His Messenger [or Prophet]. 1

2. The Salat The mandatory prayers performed 5 times a day: * dawn * noon * late afternoon * sunset * before going to bed Wash before praying. Face Mecca and use a prayer rug Pray in the mosque on Friday. 2 You must start this at puberty In countries that are officially Islamic, bells go off when it is time to pray No priests!- A direct link to Allah

3. The Zakat Almsgiving-charitable donations: Muslims believe that all things belong to God. Zakat means both“purification”and “growth.” About 2.5% of your income. 3 If all things belong to God, they are just held “in trust” by humans

4. The Sawm Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan: Considered a method of self-purification. No eating or drinking from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan. 4 Starts at puberty or earlier by choice

5. The Hajj The pilgrimage to Mecca: Must be done at least once in a Muslim’s lifetime if financially and physically able. 2-3 million annually Those who complete the pilgrimage can add the title hajji to their name. 5 Describe their clothing Simple or complex? Why??? To get rid of class structure, everyone looks the same (equal)

The Arab empire and it’s Successors Chapter 6 Section 2 The Arab empire and it’s Successors

Main Idea Islam grew under the rule of Muhammad’s successors, but there was constant tension over choosing who should rule the empire.

After Muhammad’s Death After Muhammad’s death his father-in-law Abū Bakr took over Caliph- successor to Muhammad Muhammad never named a successor! Muhammad had been accepted as both a political and religious leader Culture was still male-oriented- he had daughters, but no sons His father-in-law had been a chief advisor and had led many prayer services

Arab Conquest Under the leadership of Abū Bakr, the Islamic movement continued to grow Koran permitted fair and defensive Jihad- “struggle in the way of god” Justified war to expand territory Christians and Jews were allowed to continue to practice in conquered lands because they were “people of the book” Must be loyal to the Muslims and pay taxes

Umayyad Conquests After Abū Bakr died, problems arose over who should become the next caliph First two caliphs who took over were quickly assassinated Under the UMAYYAD EMPIRE: Muslims had expanded their empire from Spain and Africa in the west to India in the east. This Arab Empire became wealthy but was also influenced by other cultures (Persians and Byzantines)

A Split in Islam Despite the success of the Umayyad Empire, internal fighting would threaten the empire’s stability Non-Arab Muslims in the empire (Persians and Byzantines) were upset that Arab Muslims were favored Revolts began, a big one in what would be modern day Iraq The revolt was led by a man named Hussein (Hussein was the son of Ali, who was the son-in-law of Muhammad)

Shia and Sunni Shia- Muslims accept only the descendants of Ali as the true ruler of Islam (they believe leadership should have been handed down through Muhammad's family) Sunni- Didn’t all agree with the Umayyad rule but accepted Umayyads as caliphs (they agreed with Muhammad that the leaders need to be active in the religion and capable of the job) Majority today

Three Holiest Cities in Islam Mecca-birthplace of Muhammad Medina-city of the Prophet Jerusalem-where Muhammad ascended into heaven

Turbans If you see someone wearing a turban (any ethnicity) they are likely follower of the Sikh religion (a monotheistic religion from India) If a Muslim is wearing a turban, it is CULTURAL, not religious

Hijab versus Burqa Traditional Hijab Modern Hijab Burqa After puberty (sometimes earlier), when in the presence of adult males Symbol of modesty, privacy, and morality Modern Hijab 1970’s movement called Sahwah (or awakening) College-aged Muslims started a new trend Not seen as restrictive, instead seen as a way to avoid unwanted advances and promote their religion Burqa People who interpret the Koran as saying women must cover their faces as well

Muslims in the World Today

Countries with the Largest Muslim Population Arabs make up only 20% of the total Muslim population of the world. 1. Indonesia 183,000,000 6. Iran 62,000,000 2. Pakistan 134,000,000 7. Egypt 59,000,000 3. India 121,000,000 8. Nigeria 53,000,000 4. Bangladesh 114,000,000 9. Algeria 31,000,000 5. Turkey 66,000,000 10. Morocco 29,000,000