Table 15-1, p. 612

Common Names of Carboxylic Acids Table 15.1

Common Names of Dicarboxylic Acids Table 15.1

p. 614

Table 15-2, p. 615

p. 615

Figure 15.1 An alkoxide ion has its charge localized on one oxygen atom and is less stable, while a carboxylate ion has the charge spread equally over both oxygens and is therefore more stable. Fig. 15-1, p. 616

p. 616

p. 618

p. 618

Figure 9.16 Classification of substituent effects in electrophilic aromatic substitution. All activating groups are ortho- and para-directing, and all deactivating groups other than halogen are meta-directing. The halogens are unique in being deactivating but ortho- and para-directing.

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Figure 9.16 Classification of substituent effects in electrophilic aromatic substitution. All activating groups are ortho- and para-directing, and all deactivating groups other than halogen are meta-directing. The halogens are unique in being deactivating but ortho- and para-directing. Fig. 9-16, p. 338

pKa’s of Substituted Benzoic Acids Lower pKa Higher pKa Figure 9.16 Classification of substituent effects in electrophilic aromatic substitution. All activating groups are ortho- and para-directing, and all deactivating groups other than halogen are meta-directing. The halogens are unique in being deactivating but ortho- and para-directing. Fig. 9-16, p. 338

Preparation of Carboxylic Acids : Review Oxidation of 1 alcohols: a. CrO3, H3O+ b. K2Cr2O7, H2SO4 Oxidation of 1 alcohols: p. 620

Preparation of Carboxylic Acids : Review 2. Oxidation of aldehydes: a. KMnO4 b. CrO3, H3O+ c. K2Cr2O7, H2SO4 (Jones) Oxidation of 1 alcohols: p. 620

Preparation of Carboxylic Acids : Review 3. Oxidative cleavage (of double bonds): a. KMnO4 b. O3, H2O2 Oxidation of 1 alcohols: p. 620

Preparation of Carboxylic Acids : Review 3. Oxidative cleavage a- to arene: a. KMnO4 b. CrO3, H3O+ Oxidation of 1 alcohols: Methyl, 1° , 2°

Figure 15.4 IR spectrum of butanoic acid, CH3CH2CH2CO2H. Fig. 15-4, p. 627

p. 628

Figure 15.5 Proton NMR spectrum of phenylacetic acid, C6H5CH2CO2H. Fig. 15-5, p. 628