IB Psychology 12.13.16 Today’s Agenda: Turn in: Nothing 3.4-3.5 Take out: Notes, notes, notes Today’s Learning Objectives: Evaluate two models or theories of one cognitive process. Discuss, with reference to relevant research studies, the extent to which one cognitive process is reliable. Today’s Agenda: 3.4-3.5 MSM vs LOP HW: Discussion piece by Friday Celebrate knowledge of 3.1-3.5 on Thursday! You will NOT want to miss it!

Summary of Multi Store Memory Model Components

QUICK…WITHOUT LOOKING… WHAT WERE THE NUMBERS I GAVE YOU YESTERDAY IN CLASS? Did you remember? How?!? Did you forget? Why?!?

Levels of Processing (LOP) Evaluate two models or theories of one cognitive process. An alternative to the multi-store model Emphasizes memory process rather than structure (the stores: SMS, STM, LTM) Based on the idea that the strength of a memory trace is determined by how the original info was processed, or ____________? ENCODED

Levels of processing Shallow processing Deep processing Structural Phonological Semantic Physical Feature Encoding… Creating/Extracting a meaning…is this still encoding? Auditory Feature Encoding…

Levels of processing Shallow processing Deep processing Structural Phonological Semantic Weak memory trace Strong memory trace

Levels of processing Incoming stimuli pass through a series of analysing mechanisms Memory traces are a product of how stimuli are analysed Strength of trace depends on: Attention (there’s that idea again…) paid to stimulus Depth of processing carried out Connections with existing knowledge Consider why Skyline has constructed the humanities department in the way it has…any thoughts on the principles behind the practice?

Levels of processing Different levels of processing: Structural – appearance Phonological – auditory/sound Semantic – meaning Structural is the shallowest, semantic is the deepest

Levels of processing The basic prediction of the LOP approach is that the amount of info pps will recall/recognise will depend on how deeply the experimental stimuli were processed

Levels of processing Elias & Perfetti (1973) Craik & Tulving (1975) PPs had greater recognition of words they had thought of similes for (semantic) than word they had thought of rhymes for (phono) Craik & Tulving (1975) Highest recognition of semantically processes stimuli, followed by phono, followed by structural

Levels of processing Morris et al (1977) Semantic processing was not always best; it depended on how recall was measured: Recognition – semantic best Rhyming recognition – phono best Why is it that songs help us remember things? Let’s see how you do: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DJ1yPz14LrU

Levels of processing Strengths: Influential model that focused researchers on processes that they had tended to neglect The idea that the nature of a memory trace depends on encoding processes is well supported

Levels of processing “Challenges” Many different variables involved in determining how a stimulus is processed: Depth Spread Elaboration Distinctiveness Very difficult to isolate these variables experimentally

LOP and revision You will recall more if you use… Depth – make sure you understand & make connections between the topics & ideas Spread – use several different techniques on the material Elaboration – mental effort is required to store material effectively Distinctiveness – make the material your own