ELEC-E8423 - Smart Grid 17. Demand response of commercial loads Simon Hedman 07.02.2018

Introduction This presentation will present different types of demand response of commercial loads and how the implementation works. Commercial buildings Flexible loads Control Peak time Conclusions 07.02.2018

Commercial buildings Types of buildings Positive Negative Office building School Supermarket Shopping mall Sport facility Data center Apartment building Positive Large loads Economic interest Negative Their core activity is not the energy market Workers may disapprove 07.02.2018

Flexible loads Demand response can be achieved either by reacting directly to the electrical market price or by participating in the DR market. Commercial buildings often have the same type of flexible loads as normal households, but larger size and different peak time. Examples of flexible loads Heating Cooling Ventilation Lighting Non-critical servers Elevators (EV charging) 07.02.2018

Peak time In Finland the commercial sector accounts for around 20% of the electricity consumption. Peak time in the commercial buildings may vary a lot. The loads are depending on what the buildings are used for, largest loads are however during office working hours. Most of the loads are unfortunately needed during the peak time. Good DR potential for passive loads when the commercial buildings are not in use. 07.02.2018

Control Larger and more predictable loads are easier and more economical to control. However, commercial buildings may have many users, which may cause complications. Price-based control Loads are scheduled to lower price hours Suitable for operations that can be done anytime Direct load control Allows system generators to control specific loads Can be used in the DR market 07.02.2018

Conclusions Interesting due to the large and predictable load compared to normal households. Good potential because most commercial buildings are not used all the time. Economic benefits. 07.02.2018

Source material used Niloofar Pourghaderi, Mahmud Fotuhi-Firuzabad, Moein Moeini-Aghtaie, Milad Kabirifar, Commercial Demand Response Programs in Bidding of a Technical Virtual Power Plant, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Volume 14, Issue 11, November 2018, Article number 8523846, Pages 5017-5019. Hao, He & Corbin, Charles D. & Kalsi, Karanjit & Pratt, Robert G. (2017). Transactive Control of Commercial Buildings for Demand Response. IEEE transactions on power systems, vol. 32, no.1. Mikkel Baun, Kjærgaard & Krzysztof, Arendt & Anders, Clausen & Aslak, Johansen & Muhyiddine, Jradi & Bo Nørregaard, Jørgensen & Peter, Nelleman & Fisayo Caleb, Sangogboye & Christian, Veje & Morten, Gill Wollsen. (2016). Demand Response in Commercial Buildings with an Assessable Impact on Occupant Comfort. IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications 2016. Sankur, M.Email Author, Arnold, D.Email Author, Auslander, D., An architecture for integrated commercial building demand response, 2013 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, PES 2013; Vancouver, BC; Canada; 21 July 2013 through 25 July 2013; Code 102319. 07.02.2018