Sustainable Forest Policies/Programs Bill Rockwell of The Plum Line MSU - Forestry 466 - Leefers Natural Resource Planning & Policy April 9, 2001 4/17/2019 Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line

Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line Public Forestry Goals Strategic Materials Economic Stability Public-Goods Provision Social Equity 4/17/2019 Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line

Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line Market Failure Monopoly Social Bias Externalities 4/17/2019 Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line

Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line Public Methods Direct Production Subsidy Technical Assistance Regulation 4/17/2019 Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line

Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line Public Production National Forests (etc) 4/17/2019 Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line

National Forest Management RPA/MFMA Plans (1980s) New Perspectives (1990) Ecosystem Management Clinton Era 4/17/2019 Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line

Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line Regulation Clean Water Act - BMPs Chemicals (FIFRA, etc.) Endangered Species Act(s) State Forest Practice Acts 4/17/2019 Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line

State Forest Practice Acts Regeneration State Water Laws State ESAs Clearcutting 4/17/2019 Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line

Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line Government Failure Political Influence Special Interests Corruption Monopoly Inefficiency 4/17/2019 Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line

Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line Private Methods Direct Production / Competition Collusion Cooperation 4/17/2019 Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line

Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line Private Methods Direct Production / Competition Collusion Cooperation 4/17/2019 Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line

Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line Private Cooperation Voluntary Standards Self-Regulation Public Relations Research / Development Lobbying 4/17/2019 Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line

Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line Private Methods Direct Production / Competition Collusion Cooperation 4/17/2019 Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line

Certification Systems 4/17/2019 Certification Systems Forest Stewardship Council ISO Canadian Standards Assn Sustainable Forestry Initiative Tree Farm System Green Tag Alphabetical There are others. Major for you. Broad view of systems, how they work: with all potential audiences as well as in the office & in the field Less attention to CSA & ISO due based (in part) on less familiarity & prevalence 4/17/2019 Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line

Historical Developments 4/17/2019 Historical Developments International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) proposal (mid-1980s) Failure of tropical log import bans in Europe spurs alternative measures (mid-to-late 1980s) FSC support by European buyer’s groups (early 1990s) Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line

Historical Developments (cont.) 4/17/2019 Historical Developments (cont.) UN Conference on Environment & Development (Rio de Janeiro,1992) International regional processes to address UNCED with “criteria & indicators” Montreal Process Helsinki Protocol Tarapoto Process for the Amazon Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line

Historical Developments (cont.) 4/17/2019 Historical Developments (cont.) Forest industry initiatives (1990s) AF&PA Sustainable Forestry Initiative Finnish Forest Certification System Imported Timber Group of New Zealand Malaysian Timber Industry Board PEFC (Pan-European Forest Certification) Mutual Recognition Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line

Dimensions of Systems Scale & scope of application scale - size scope - forest, all wood, marketing, add-ons Performance or system standards (mix) Mandatory or voluntary First, second, or third party Accreditation Mutual Recognition

Forest Stewardship Council Basically performance standards Product certification Retail advantage Chain of custody Buyers groups Critical mass 4/17/2019 Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line

Forest Stewardship Council (2) Two US Certifiers SmartWood (.org) (Rainforest Alliance) Scientific Certification Systems (.com) Niche industry markets Foundation $$$$ Regional Standards Members & WWF/World Bank

System Comparative Analysis Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) “well-managed” certification not all of operation wood only(+social & ILO? labor standards) third-party only attempts to control markets “price premium” certify foresters for small landowners forest cooperatives

Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line ISO ISO - international organization of national standard-setting bodies “screw threads” ISO 9000 - quality system standards ISO 14000 - environmental quality system standards No industry-specifics (except ISO14061) Standard standards 4/17/2019 Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line

ISO 14000 International system System standard (NO content component) Basis for CSA and SFI Usually matched with a content program ISO 14001 - system specification ISO 14010/11/12 - audit standards Product labeling standards (etc)

System Comparative Analysis ISO 14001 system certification “all controlled or influenced” all of operation basically second- or third-party limited labeling own policies based on analysis

Canadian Standards Assn Canadian leadership Forest industry, government, & CSA ISO 14000 based Provincial crown-land regulation Very demanding Z808 (guide) & Z809 (specification) 4/17/2019 Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line

System Comparative Analysis Canadian Standards Association ISO-based for forest (see above) some performance standards big on public involvement basically second- or third-party very detailed

Sustainable Forestry Initiative Mandatory for AF&PA members Licensees Loosely ISO-14000 based SFI 2000 - basic standard SFI 2001 & 2002 - audit standards SFI 2003 - Core/voluntary indicators Expert Review Panel Sustainable Forestry Board Revision of Standards 4/17/2019 Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line

System Comparative Analysis Sustainable Forestry Initiative ISO-based for forest (see above) some performance standards own lands, purchased wood, research, public outreach, & state organization first, second, or third-party product label (nearly?) ready no accreditation (yet?) consensus standard in the future?

Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line Current Developments FSC Regional Standards & Problems “Home Depot”, etc. Explosion of ISO, CSA, & SFI audits SFI in Canada multiple audits & multiple-systems audits SFI & Tree Farm Mutual Recognition Government Role - e.g., FSC/Ontario 4/17/2019 Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line

Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line 4/17/2019 Base of Experience CSA development - Michigan state forest with FSC “pre-scoping” ISO lead auditor training & planning Six SFI audits - one also FSC Certified - one state forest Four SFI system developments Forest plan with integrated framework Million acre state forest - BioForest did Developing links - aspects/impact anal 3 audits underway - one state 2 devels underway forest planning systems w/state now applying on hunt club have had to compare & contrast what is of interest to you? One Big Question: (next slide: Why?) 4/17/2019 Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line

Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line 4/17/2019 Audience Conscience Friends Owners/Investors Neighbors Regulators YOUR Market Trade Restrictors Retailers Consumers Nine criteria - concentric out All are potential audiences Not all customers in traditional sense All legitimate, given your motives Or which motives (concerns) of others you are interested in meeting 4/17/2019 Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line

Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line 4/17/2019 Audience / Motivation Conscience Friends Owners/Investors Neighbors Regulators YOUR Market Trade Restrictors Retailers Consumers Quality Social acceptance Efficiency Friendliness Political acceptance Customer needs Discrimination Simplicity ???????? My characterization of the motives (concerns, needs) of these audiences. You need to understand them to evaluate systems to meet your needs. 4/17/2019 Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line

Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line 4/17/2019 Consumers (????????) Varies by: product consumer country No one knows what they want: They don’t know what they want Some are actively researching Others actively directing Some actively obscuring 4/17/2019 Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line

Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line 4/17/2019 Consumers (????????) Some want: label crediblity cheap Near as anybody can tell 4/17/2019 Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line

Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line 4/17/2019 Consumers (????????) Some want: label crediblity cheap Translates: any system yet to be seen efficiency Very questionable willingness to pay (outside limited “niche” markets) So to be cheap - systems must be EFFICIENT - “low cost” 4/17/2019 Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line

Retailers / Simplicity (explanations; inventory; volume) 4/17/2019 Retailers / Simplicity (explanations; inventory; volume) Caught in the muddle CSA, SFI - national; mutual recognition? FSC - international; need chain-of-custody / inventory control ISO - international, generally known; can be linked to other inputs Volume - directly related to efficiency Don’t know what is going on in forest - why they need systems And, sorry, but: Don’t really understand the systems - why they need simplicity FSC also has cadres of demonstrators - will they work? CSA/SFI - will mutual recog work? ISO - eventual links as ISO grows Playing both sides - must take all (FSC?) 4/17/2019 Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line

Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line 4/17/2019 Trade Restrictors / Discrimination (verifiability; product characteristics) CSA, SFI - national (+/-); - mutual recognition? FSC - parallel promotion systems; - product differentiation ISO - international standard; - handle all concerns with one system “Discrimination” - good or bad? - legalities: “is it ‘relevant’”? National & international considerations and laws Relation to mutual recognition: system-indpendent OR is FSC really the MR system? 4/17/2019 Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line

YOUR Market / Customer Needs (what market?; their needs) 4/17/2019 YOUR Market / Customer Needs (what market?; their needs) CSA - ISO crosswalk FSC - chain of custody ISO - process/product integration SFI - flexibility Think in terms of whole market chain but also, esp, YOUR markets Risky - must do on your own- but ultimately most relevant Do your markets need a label? Will they re-processs? Their system(s)? Esp - ISO - link to other inputs & comparable Env Qual language 4/17/2019 Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line

Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line 4/17/2019 Regulators / Political Acceptance (vs: regs for all; spec status for some) Caught in the muddle CSA - demanding (duplicate?) system FSC - some ENGOs; certified foresters; regional performance standards (?) ISO - pure & known; little fixed content SFI - state implementation committtees; industry & Tree Farm support; research, education, & “hotlines” One more group between you & mrkts Like trade restrictors, but more basic - Deal with forest directly SFI vs state forest practive regs (CSA?) Maine is the crucible for this. What will work? Do you care? Assuming reglatn, spec treat for some? What will be acceptable? ISO is the generic model How long off? SFI v FSC: water quality (and wildlife) 4/17/2019 Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line

Neighbors / Friendliness (address concerns; involve them) 4/17/2019 Neighbors / Friendliness (address concerns; involve them) CSA - thorough; much public involvement FSC - some involvement of interest groups; appeal of certified foresters ISO - can address any environmental concern SFI - designed around most pressing concerns; supports research, education, & “hotlines”; & link to American Tree Farm System Affects direct costs, comfort, & politics May be the most important of all. FSC - vs. talk of “social”& “economic”- “expert” approach “biological sustainability” certified foresters “homey” SFI - builds whole system actively includes the social includes all wood focus on water (& wildlife) SFI v FSC: rise or fall together 4/17/2019 Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line

Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line 4/17/2019 Owners/Investors / Efficiency (lower costs; better markets; improve management; avoid hassles) CSA - demanding system FSC - management review; plantations; cost; grants; stable? ISO - demanding; process improvements SFI - flexible; whole wood system; - second-party certifications; - availability of third-party certifiers? Also: FSC - availability or need for prepatory consulting? ISO - link to ISO 9000 (new version) consultant availability SFI - given new auditor qualifications (“relevant”?) subject to performance of others 4/17/2019 Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line

Friends / Social Acceptance (social conscience; leadership) 4/17/2019 Friends / Social Acceptance (social conscience; leadership) CSA - home-grown, demanding FSC - very “green” & “social” ISO - very technical; known SFI - home-grown; supports research, education, & “hotlines” Very legitimate - real motivation: (esp for FSC?) FSC - nominally also extra-societal ISO - appeals to engineers and MBAs SFI - whole-systems approach 4/17/2019 Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line

Conscience / Quality (pride, philosophy, values) 4/17/2019 Conscience / Quality (pride, philosophy, values) CSA - very thorough system FSC - extra-societal force ISO - systems approach SFI - industry responsibility; ISO conformance What is really driving you? Key to real business success CSA & ISO - very complete - forest or all-environment focus? FSC - corrupt society - stand outside objective experts, independ std SFI - very different approach - all at least a little good & bad no one can stand outside/above all have responsibility - improve no absolute outside std - many ways to manage a forest ISO - “separation of powers” - MR disc 4/17/2019 Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line

Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line 4/17/2019 Know thyself. Temple of the Oracle at Delphi - No right answer for all Some systems better than others for some things Need to know what you value & want and WHY? 4/17/2019 Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line Bill Rockwell - The Plum Line