American History I - Unit 3 Ms. Brown CREATING A NEW NATION American History I - Unit 3 Ms. Brown

Review Often, the Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance of 1787 are considered the only positive aspects of the Articles of Confederation. Why? What did Shays’s Rebellion show the young nation? What were some of the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?

Review Often, the Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance of 1787 are considered the only positive aspects of the Articles of Confederation. Why? Set up the blueprints for future national growth! Land Ordinance of 1785 - Plan for mapping and selling the land between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River Northwest Ordinance of 1787 - procedure for dividing western lands into territories which would later become states What did Shays’s Rebellion show the young nation? The need for a stronger central government TJ didn’t agree! What were some of the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation? No central unity, No president or central leader to enforce laws, No national court system to resolve disputes Congress cannot tax citizens to pay debts or regulate interstate trade Each state = 1 vote in a one-house legislature (regardless of population) Amendments (changes) to the document = all 13 approval

3.2 – DRAFTING THE CONSTITUTION AH1.H.2.2 Analyze key political, economic, and social turning points in American History using historical thinking, focusing on lasting impacts. AH1.H.4.1 Analyze the political issues and conflicts that impacted the US through Reconstruction and the compromises that resulted. AH1.H.4.2 Analyze the economic issues and conflicts that impacted the US through Reconstruction and the compromises that resulted. AH1.H.5.1 Summarize how philosophical, ideological, and/or religious views on freedom and equality contributed to the development of American political and economic systems.

Constitutional Convention Shays’s Rebellion (1787) and other problems highlighted the need for a stronger central government… “The consequences of [an] inefficient government are too obvious to be dwelt upon. Thirteen sovereignties pulling against each other, and all tugging at the federal head will soon bring ruin on the whole… Let us have [a government] by which our lives, liberty, and property will be secured or let us know the worst at once.” - George Washington, 1786

Constitutional Convention When: May-September 1787 Who: 55 delegates from all states (except RI) White men Wealthy – lawyers, merchants, or planters Well-educated RI didn’t attend in protest of a federal government Where: Philadelphia, PA Why: To address the problems with the Articles of Confederation and create the US Constitution

Items for Debate Congress – Unicameral (one-house) or Bicameral (2 house)? Representation in Congress – based on population or equal? Slaves – how to count in population for representation? Should the slave population continue to grow? Power of government – shared between federal and state governments? How to prevent federal government from being too powerful? Power of people – should the people directly elect leaders or should representatives elect leaders?

State Representation in Congress Congress – Unicameral (one-house) or Bicameral (2 house)? Representation in Congress – based on population or equal? State Representation in Congress Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Created by James Madison Favored large states Bicameral house All representation based on state population Created by William Patterson Favored small states Unicameral house Each state = equal representation The Great Compromise Created by Roger Sherman Bicameral House Senate = equal representation (2 senators/state) House of Representatives = representation based on state population

Slave Population & Representation in Congress Slaves – how to count in population for representation? Slave Population & Representation in Congress North South Slave population should NOT count when determining # of representatives in Congress Slaves SHOULD count when levying federal taxes on slave owners Slave population SHOULD count when determining # of representatives in Congress Slaves should NOT count when levying federal taxes The Three-Fifths Compromise Slaves will count as 3/5 of a citizen when determining representation in Congress and when levying federal taxes 5 slaves = 3 citizens

The Slave-Trade Compromise Slavery Debate Slaves – should the slave population continue to grow? North Free States South Slave States There should be federal regulations on the slave trade. The economy is too reliant on slave labor. The federal government shouldn’t meddle at all with the slave trade. The Slave-Trade Compromise The international slave trade will remain unregulated for 20 years, then Congress can abolish the international slave trade (not slavery itself).

Sharing of Power Power of government – shared between federal and state governments? How to prevent federal government from being too powerful? Federalism - system in which federal and state governments share power Federal (national) powers = Delegated or Enumerated Powers State powers = Reserved Powers

Limiting National Power And federal agencies

Checks and balances - a system to ensure that no governmental branch becomes too powerful

Limiting the Power of the People Upper class could not trust the “common people” with voting rationally. Electoral college - group of electors (who represent citizens) that choose the President and Vice President Reflects a fear of giving too much power to the masses

How to Make Amendments RATIFICATION PROPOSAL Amendment = change to the Constitution Ratification = official adoption PROPOSAL ⅔ vote by both houses in Congress OR ⅔ vote at a special convention called by states RATIFICATION ¾ vote of the state legislatures OR ¾ vote at a special ratifying convention called by states

James Madison Kept extensive notes on the Constitutional Convention Played a major role in drafting (writing) the Constitution Referred to as the “Father of the Constitution”

Constitution of the United States of America Finished in September 1787, but still needed to be ratified (officially approved) by at least 9 states to take effect Preamble 7 Articles (sections) Powers of the legislative branch Powers of the executive branch Powers of the judicial branch States’ rights How to make amendments Supremacy Clause (federal laws > state laws) Signers of the Constitution