All-cause mortality risk associated with long-term exposure to ambient PM2·5 in China: a cohort study Prof Tiantian Li, PhD, Yi Zhang, MPH, Jiaonan Wang,

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All-cause mortality risk associated with long-term exposure to ambient PM2·5 in China: a cohort study Prof Tiantian Li, PhD, Yi Zhang, MPH, Jiaonan Wang, BSMed, Dandan Xu, BSMed, Zhaoxue Yin, MM, Huashuai Chen, PhD, Yuebin Lv, MM, Jiesi Luo, MM, Prof Yi Zeng, PhD, Yang Liu, PhD, Prof Patrick L Kinney, ScD, Prof Xiaoming Shi, PhD The Lancet Public Health Volume 3, Issue 10, Pages e470-e477 (October 2018) DOI: 10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30144-0 Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Map of PM2·5 concentration in China during the study period (2008–14) Islands in the South China Sea are shown in the box. The Lancet Public Health 2018 3, e470-e477DOI: (10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30144-0) Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Curve association between all-cause mortality and a 10 μg/m3 increase in 3-year average PM2·5 concentration Shading indicates 95% CIs. The reference PM2·5 concentration was 6·7 μg/m3 (curve results from model 10). The Lancet Public Health 2018 3, e470-e477DOI: (10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30144-0) Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Risk of death associated with 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2·5 by subgroup HR=hazard ratio. *High PM2·5 exposure was ≥60·9 μg/m3 and low PM2·5 exposure was <60·9 μg/m3. The Lancet Public Health 2018 3, e470-e477DOI: (10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30144-0) Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Estimated all-cause mortality related to PM2·5 exposure in adults aged 65 years and older in China in 2010 Islands in the South China Sea are shown in the box. The Lancet Public Health 2018 3, e470-e477DOI: (10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30144-0) Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license Terms and Conditions