Foreign Policy Public Policy

How does the government interact with other governments? Public Policy intro How does the government interact with other governments?

Foreign Policy Public Policy

Foreign Policy Who Has Power? Foreign Policy Can be diplomatic, military, or economic It may be a country acting to defend itself from an outside threat It may be a country pursuing its own self interest in the international arena. In the United States, foreign policy is only dealt with at the federal level

Foreign Policy Who Has Power? Legislative Branch Control over going to war. They “declare war” Has the responsibility to build and maintain an army and navy Congress controls foreign trade Has some control over diplomats – like the Secretary of State & Ambassadors Controls the funding!!

Foreign Policy Who Has Power? Executive Branch Controls “war making” They are commander in chief Has the power to negotiate treaties or executive agreements Selects the key diplomats: Secretary of State & ambassadors Has the power to grant diplomatic recognition to a government

Foreign Policy Who Has Power? Executive Branch Is responsible for running the main foreign policy bodies in the US State Department Department of Defense National Security Council Central Intelligence Agency National Economic Council

Decision Makers Public Policy

Foreign Policy Domestic State Department The State Dept handles diplomacy for the president. It’s in charge of foreign policy It was the first Cabinet Department It handles the US’s non- military relations with other countries Communicates the position of the US on issues to the larger global community It operates US Embassies in other countries

Foreign Policy Domestic Secretary of State The Secretary of State is the president’s chief foreign policy advisor They’re nominated by POTUS & confirmed by the Senate They do most of the negotiations in place of the president. They handle high level negotiations with other countries Deals with US citizens & immigration policy abroad. Fourth in line for the presidency in the line of presidential succession

Foreign Policy Domestic Secretary of State: Who You Should Know The current Secretary of State is Rex Tillerson He was the CEO of Exxon before he was nominated by Trump He is most notable for letting many of the important offices in State Dept remain vacant through Trump’s presidency

Foreign Policy Domestic Secretary of State: Who You Should Know Obama had a different Secretary of State in each term. Hillary Clinton was the Secretary of State for Obama’s first term John Kerry became Secretary of State for Obama’s second term.

Foreign Policy Domestic Secretary of State: Who You Should Know George W. Bush had a different Secretary of State in each term. Colin Powell was the Secretary of State for Bush’s first term Condoleezza Rice became Secretary of State for Bush’s second term. They were the first African Americans to serve in this position

Foreign Policy Domestic Secretary of State: Who You Should Know Madeline Albright was the first woman to serve as Secretary of State She was Bill Clinton’s Secretary of State in his second term

Foreign Policy Domestic Secretary of State: Who You Should Know Henry Kissinger served as Secretary of State for both Nixon and Ford He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for negotiating cease fire in Vietnam He was responsible for much the détente period policies of the Cold War He was an effective Secretary of State, but also considered by some to be a war criminal

It is responsible for usually about 20% of the federal budget Foreign Policy Domestic Department of Defense The Department of Defense was created in 1949 by combining the Dept of Army and Dept of Navy It is mostly based in “The Pentagon” outside of DC which was build in the 1940s to house the departments It is the largest Cabinet Department – in terms of numbers of employees It is responsible for usually about 20% of the federal budget

Foreign Policy Domestic Secretary of Defense The Secretary of Defense is the president’s chief civilian military advisor They are supposed to be at least 7 years away from active military duty Congress can waive this requirement (They have for Sec of Defense Mattis) They are nominated by POTUS and confirmed by the Senate They are second only to the president in terms of control over the military

Foreign Policy Domestic Joint Chiefs of Staff Made up of the heads of the four branches of the military (Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines) They advise the president on military policy As a group, they have no operational command, they are strictly advisors Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is officially the president’s main military advisor

Foreign Policy Domestic National Security Council Coordinates national defense and foreign policy The president can decide who is on this council but it usually includes: VP, Sec of State, Sec of Defense, Chairman of JCS, Director of National Intelligence, CIA Director, FBI Director, Sec of Treasury, Sec of Energy, head of OMB The National Security Advisor is the head of the council and is appointed by POTUS and confirmed by the Senate

International Bodies Public Policy

Foreign Policy International United Nations Made up of 193 member nations It’s members agree to renounce war and respect human rights and economic freedoms Funded by volunteer contributions from its member states The US contributes the max which is 22% of its budget Housed in NYC, the land it is on is international territory

Foreign Policy International United Nations: General Assembly Made up of all 193 member nations Each country gets 1 vote in the UNGA Actions of the UNGA are not legally binding UNGA resolutions can represent an international consensus or legitimacy on a matter of global importance

Foreign Policy International United Nations: Security Council Made up of all 15 member nations – 10 that rotate and 5 that are permanent The permanent members are USA, United Kingdom, France, Russia, and China Each permanent member has veto power over any decision They make decisions that can be enforced, like deciding when to use UN peacekeeping forces

Foreign Policy International NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization Created to serve as a multinational military force Based on collective defense – war against one member nation is war against all member nations Formed to initially counter Soviet aggression & its Warsaw Pact alliance It includes: US, Canada, Most of Western Europe, Turkey – Clinton expanded membership to much of Eastern Europe

Foreign Policy International IMF: International Monetary Fund Provides economic advice and temporary funds to nations with economic difficulties Lends money to struggling economies with the conditions that the economies adopt suggested economic reforms Usually that means loaning money in exchange for opening markets (reducing tariffs) It also works to stabilize exchange rates

Foreign Policy International World Bank Lends money to poor and developing nations Makes loans for economic development projects that are expected to produce enough returns in order to pay back the loans It promotes more foreign investment in poorer countries

Foreign Policy International G-8 (or G-7) A governmental forum of the leading advanced economies in the world Made up of US, UK, Japan, France, Italy, Germany, Canada, and Russia (Russia got kicked out after actions to invade Crimea in 2014) It holds annual meetings of at least the ministers of finance of the member countries – often the leaders too It’s not entirely economic, they often tackle a range of economic related issues – terrorism, human trafficking, piracy

Foreign Policy International NGOs: Non Governmental Organizations Actors that impact international affairs but do not represent a state EX: Al-Qaeda, Boko Haram, Red Cross MNCs: Multi National Corporations Economic actors that impact international affairs and agreements between many countries

Bigly Ideas Public Policy

Legislative Vs Executive Public Policy Wrap Up Legislative Vs Executive Role of State Dept Role of Dept of Defense International Bodies Focus on these things: