Theories of Motivation

Hope Scale (Activity)

Hope: Overall perception that one’s goals can be met. Hope Scale Hope: Overall perception that one’s goals can be met. 2 Necessary Components Agency: willpower or energy (2,9,10,&12 add together) Pathways: Perceived ability to generate routes to achieve these goals. (1,4,6,& 8 add together) People who score high pursue a greater number of life goals. Obstacles are interpreted as challenges rather than threats The less hopeful tend to react to obstacles with greater stress & report lower levels of life satisfaction, more anxiousness, more fearfulness, and greater depression.

What Motivates Us!!?? Jot down as many things that have the capacity to motivate you!

Motivation: Factors that influence initiation, direction, intensity, & persistence of behaviors. WHAT ARE THE SOURCES OF MOTIVATION? BIOLOGICAL NEEDS FOOD, WATER, SEX/REPRODUCTION, PAIN EMOTIONAL FACTORS EMOTIONS CAN CAUSE US TO ACT IN CERTAIN WAYS (FEAR, LOVE, ANGER) COGNITIVE NEEDS BELIEFS & THOUGHTS/PERCEPTIONS CAUSE US TO ACT SOCIAL FACTORS PEOPLE & SOCIETY CAUSE US TO ACT IN A CERTAIN WAY

Aron Ralston’s Story Ralston’s thirst, hunger, his sense of belonging to others, and his brute will to live and become a father highlight the force of motivation Video Clip- Aron Describes his experience

Biological Drives (Primary Drives) Unlearned drive based on a physiological state found in all animals Motivate behavior necessary for survival (fighting and fleeing – controlled by a brain region called the amygdala). Many drives are initiated in the Hypothalamus Hunger Thirst Sex Pain (and coping) Evolutionary psychology talks about the four Fs (fighting, fleeing, feeding and reproducing).

Secondary Drives – These are not biologically dictated Learned drives Wealth Success Fame

Primary vs. Secondary Drives Primary (Biological) Drives push us to act. Secondary Drives pull at our actions. When BOTH are combined we are highly motivated.

Go to work Come home at curfew Operant Conditioning Your behavior is motivated to get rewards or to avoid punishment.

Operant Conditioning Factors Incentives – environmental cues that trigger a motive(desire) for a reward. When a stimulus in your environment creates goal-directed behavior.

Two General Types of Rewards INtrinsic – from the action itself or from within EXtrinsic – for something else

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Essential Task: Motivational Theories Drive Reduction Theory Strengths Weaknesses Arousal Theory Yerkes-Dodson Law Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Theories of Motivation Drive-Reduction Theory Arousal Theory Hierarchy of Motives OBJECTIVE 1| Define motivation as psychologists use the term today, and name four perspectives useful for studying motivated behaviors.

Drive-Reduction Theory Instinct theory of motivation failed it was replaced Drive-reduction theory. A physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need (Hull, 1951). OBJECTIVE 3| Explain how drive-reduction theory views human motivation. Tension

Drive Reduction The goal of drive reduction is homeostasis, the maintenance of a steady internal state – balance. The regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a certain level Drive Reduction Food Empty Stomach (Food Deprived) Stomach Full Organism

Drive Reduction Theory Strengths Does a nice job explaining most primary drives Weakness: Falls apart with secondary drives

Optimum Arousal Humans seek optimum levels of arousal. Sometimes we want lots of arousal Sometimes we want very low arousal Some of us tend to want more and some of us tend to want less. OBJECTIVE 4| Discuss the contribution of arousal theory to the study of motivation.

Arousal Theory People do things in order to seek out an optimal level of excitement at any given moment. I want a high level or arousal – let’s do something epic tonight. (Let’s go get mrbayne.com tattoos!) I want a low level of arousal – let’s stay in tonight. (Let’s just click around on mrbayne.com and see where it takes us) I am bored with my life I need a new job. (LOL) I am stressed at work, let’s take a vacation.

Difficult tasks are best with moderate arousal Yerkes-Dodson Law States that if you want to perform well at a task you have to look two things: the difficulty of the task and your arousal level. Difficult tasks are best with moderate arousal Simple tasks are best with higher arousal

Yerkes Dodson Law

Arousal Theory Strengths Weakness Does a nice job explaining most secondary drives. (Why we work hard for fortune, wealth, happiness, etc…) Weakness Doesn’t explain why we do things to help society. Doesn’t show how we prioritize our motives . . .

Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow (1970) suggested that certain needs have priority over others. Physiological needs like breathing, thirst, and hunger come before psychological needs such as achievement, self-esteem, and the need for recognition. OBJECTIVE 5| Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. (1908-1970)

Hierarchy of Needs