Axis Aggression Preview Starting Points Map: Europe, 1930s Main Idea / Reading Focus Germany Expands Map: Axis Advances Alliances and Civil War

Axis Aggression Preview, continued The War Begins Faces of History: Winston Churchill Japan Attacks

Axis Aggression Main Idea Reading Focus In the late 1930s Germany, Italy, and Japan used military force to build empires. Their aggressive actions led to the outbreak of World War II. Reading Focus In what ways did Germany expand in the late 1930s? What alliances did Axis nations make in the 1930s? How did the war begin? What were the causes and effects of Japan’s attack on the United States?

World War II and Its Aftermath Section 2: The Axis Advances Witness History Audio: Janina’s War Story The Axis Advances Nazi Germany invaded Poland from one side, while the Soviets came from the other. France and Britain had no time to help. Then Germany attacked France from the north, and Italy invaded from the south. When France fell, only Britain stood against the Axis powers. A Nazi bombing campaign against London and other cities only strengthened British resolve. Meanwhile, Axis armies also pushed into North Africa and the Balkans. Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals. After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “How does Janina describe the German attack on Poland?” (Sample: loud, destructive, confusing, horrifying) “How do you predict airplanes might be used in World War II?” (Sample: for bombing, transportation, reconnaissance) When showing Color Transparency 175, use the lesson suggested in the transparency book to guide a discussion. Witness History Audio: Winston Churchill Witness History Audio: Surviving the Blitz Note Taking Transparency 172A 1 of 8

1940–1941 Attack on France Battle for Britain Denmark and Norway captured; the Netherlands and Belgium followed Tank attack through Ardennes; overwhelmed light resistance there Heroic Dunkirk rescue; France surrendered in June 1940 Battle for Britain Great Britain stood alone against German war machine; Churchill now leader Radar technology secret weapon for air defense British stood firm during Battle of Britain; Hitler called off invasion plans

World War II and Its Aftermath Section 2: The Axis Advances Germany Invades the Soviet Union Hitler invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941 in the hopes of gaining its natural resources and putting down communism. Hitler’s advance was stalled by the brutal Russian winter, but Russians in Leningrad suffered a two-and-a-half-year siege that caused mass starvation. Life Under Japanese and Nazi Occupation The people who lived in lands occupied by the Nazis and the Japanese were often offered brutal treatment. Hitler’s forces sent Polish and Soviet Slavs to work as slave laborers and the Jewish people got the same and worse in Nazi “death camps.” The Japanese killed and tortured Asians whom they claimed to help free from Western colonial rule. Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals. After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “How does Janina describe the German attack on Poland?” (Sample: loud, destructive, confusing, horrifying) “How do you predict airplanes might be used in World War II?” (Sample: for bombing, transportation, reconnaissance) When showing Color Transparency 175, use the lesson suggested in the transparency book to guide a discussion. Note Taking Transparency 172B 2 of 8

Invasion of the Soviet Union June 1941, Hitler’s invasion of the Soviet Union had initial successes Major goals of Leningrad and Moscow not reached before harsh Soviet winter Soviet armies had time to rebuild and would fight back

Life in Japan Social Changes Fashions, beliefs Rapid shift from feudal agricultural nation to urban industrial country affected more than economy Universal education, new Western ideas also led to societal changes Democracy began to flourish, political parties emerged Fashions, beliefs Some young people adopted Western fashions, beliefs, questioned traditional Japanese values Conservative Japanese, military leaders, resented changes Believed straying from traditional beliefs, interests had corrupted country

Japanese Aggression End of 1920s Modern Warfare Japan’s military gained power Widened the gap between the military and civilian government Without civilian controls, military became more aggressive Modern Warfare World War I showed modern war would rely on technology, industrial power Japan could not compete with large industrial nations Building a Fighting Spirit To make up for industrial limitations, focused on soldiers Began to promote fighting spirit of Japanese troops instead of modern weaponry Inspiring a Fighting Spirit Surrender, retreat, defense all removed from military manuals Military personnel placed in public schools to shape thinking of Japanese children

Japanese Aggression Forming New Alliances Anti-Comintern Pact League of Nations condemned aggressive actions in Manchuria Japan withdrew from League of Nations, 1933 Announced it would no longer limit size of navy, 1934 Made break with West, drew closer to Germany Anti-Comintern Pact signed, 1936 Japan, Germany agreed to work together to oppose spread of communism Each promised to come to aid of other in case of Soviet Union attack Italy joined pact, 1937 Anti-Comintern Pact Conflict between China, Japan grew worse Japan more aggressive, seized more territory Some worried Chinese Communists, Guomindang might join Soviet Union opposing Japan War in China

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World War II and Its Aftermath Section 2: The Axis Advances Japan Attacks the United States When the U.S. banned the sale of war materials to Japan after its invasion of French Indochina, Japan and the U.S. participated in fruitless talks. Japanese General Tojo ordered an attack on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. This led to a declaration of war by the U.S. Color Transparency 175: Pearl Harbor Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals. After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “How does Janina describe the German attack on Poland?” (Sample: loud, destructive, confusing, horrifying) “How do you predict airplanes might be used in World War II?” (Sample: for bombing, transportation, reconnaissance) When showing Color Transparency 175, use the lesson suggested in the transparency book to guide a discussion. QuickTake Section Quiz Progress Monitoring Transparency 3 of 8

Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor Two-hour attack Japan’s alliance with Germany was seen as a sign of a war plan. Japan sent forces to Indochina to secure necessary resources of oil and rubber. Hideki Tojo held peace talks with the U.S. but planned for war. Surprise attack on U.S. Navy Pacific Fleet December 7, 1941 Fighters and bombers launched from carriers Raid a success Pearl Harbor Major destruction Heavy casualties 2,400 dead 200 planes gone Eight battleships sunk Three carriers survived Two-hour attack

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Isolationism Attack had profound effect Ended desire to stay out of Europe’s war War declared on Japan Germany and Italy declare war on U.S. Allies vs. Axis

Why did Japan attack the United States? Find the Main Idea Why did Japan attack the United States? Answer(s): American leaders banned the sale of oil to Japan, which threatened Japan's future plans in French Indochina.

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