Chapter 12 Solutions

Solutions ______________: a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase. __________: capable of being dissolved. ___________: the dissolving medium in a solution. _________: the substance dissolved in a solution. 12-2

Examples of Solutions ______ ________ __________ Gas Gas Air ______ ________ __________ Gas Gas Air Gas Liquid Soda Liquid Liquid Antifreeze Solid Liquid Ocean Gas Solid Charcoal Filter Liquid Solid Dental Fillings Solid Solid Sterling Silver 12-3

Types of Solutions _______________: a solution in which the __________ are so large that they ______ ________ unless the solution is constantly ____________ or agitated. ___________: particles that are intermediate in size between those in solutions and suspensions form colloid dispersions. 12-4

Types of Colloids 12-5

Solutions, Colloids and Suspensions 12-6

Solutions _______________: when light is scattered by colloidal particles dispersed in a transparent medium. ______________: a substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that conducts electric current. _______________: a substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that does not conduct electricity. 12-7

Factors Affecting the Rate of Dissolution The Solution Process Factors Affecting the Rate of Dissolution __________ the surface ____ of the solute. ___________ a solution ___________ a solvent. 12-8

Solubility _____________________: the physical state in which the opposing processes of __________ and _________________ of a solute occur at equal rates. _____________________: a solution that contains the __________ amount of dissolved ________. __________________: a solution that contains __________ than the maximum amount of dissolved solute. 12-9

Solubility _____________________: a solution that contains ________ dissolved solute than a saturated solution contains under the same conditions. ______________: the amount of a substance required to form a saturated solution with a specific amount of solvent at a specific temperature. 12-10

Solute-Solvent Interactions Dissolving Ionic Compounds in Aqueous solution: ___________: the strong affinity of _______________ for particles of dissolved or suspended substances that cause ________________ dissolution. 12-11

Solute-Solvent Interactions 11-12

Solute-Solvent Interactions Nonpolar Solvents: __________________, polar/ionic and nonpolar/covalent. Liquid solutes and solvents: _____________: liquids that are not soluble in each other. (oil and water) __________: liquids that dissolve freely in one another in any proportion. (alcohol and water) 12-13

____________________ Solubility ____________________ ______________: the solubility of a gas is _______________ to the partial pressure of that gas on the surface of the liquid. __________________: the rapid escape of a gas from a liquid in which it is dissolved. 12-14

Solubility vs. Temp. 12-15

Solubility vs. Temp. 12-16

Solubility ______________: a solute particle that is surrounded by solvent molecules. ________________: the net amount of energy ______________ by the solution when a specific amount of solute dissolves in a solvent. 12-17

Concentration of Solutions Concentration: a measure of the amount of solute in a given amount of solvent or solution. __________: the number of _______ of solute in _________ of solution. (M) moles/liter Ex. What is the molarity of a solution in which 12.0 g of NaCl is dissolved in 250ml of water? 12.0g x 1.0 mol = 0.205 mol NaCl ÷ 0.25L = 0.82 M 58.44 g NaCl 12-18

Practice You have 0.8 L of a 0.5 M HCl solution, how many moles of HCl does this solution contain? 12-19

Concentration of Solutions _________: the concentration of a solution expressed in ______ of solute per ________ of solvent. (m) Ex. A solution was prepared by dissolving 17.1g of NaCl in 125 g of water. What is the molality of the solution? 17.1 g x 1 mol NaCl = 0.293 mol ÷ _____ kg = 58.44 g 2.34 m 12-20

Chapter 12 The End!