MOY 2 Review

HR Diagrams 1. What is graphed on a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram? What is the typical label for each axis? Also, what is different about this graph compared to most other graphs? Draw an example.

The Hertzsprung-Russell (HR) Diagram MAGNITUDE: Brightness Increases from bottom to top 1 L is equal to the brightness of the sun Are these stars brighter or dimmer than the sun REMEMBER: Temperature Increases from right to left

The Hertzsprung-Russell (HR) Diagram Characteristics of Stars Temperature & Color The color of a star indicates the T of the star Stars are classified by T Decreasing T (bright to dim) O, B, A, F, G, K, M [Oh Be A Fine Girl, Kiss Me ] http://www.seasky.org/cosmic/sky7a01.html

It all started with a BIG BANG Describe the Big Bang Theory. BrainPOP | Big Bang Big Bang Theory says everything was squished together in one tiny space and exploded outward creating the universe. Scientists believe this because they can see that everything is red shifted. A red shift means objects are moving away from us.

TIDES Contrast (tell what is different about) spring tides and neap tides. Draw a picture for each. Spring UP NEAP IS WEAK

Spring Tides Spring Tides Spring tides are especially strong tides (they do not have anything to do with the season Spring). They occur when the Earth, the Sun, and the Moon are in a line. The gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun both contribute to the tides. Spring tides occur during the full moon and the new moon.

Spring tides

Neap Tides Neap Tides Neap tides are especially weak tides. They occur when the Sun and Moon are at right angles to one another with the moon pulling one direction and the sun pulling another there is somewhat of a canceling affect and you get lower high tides and higher low tides called neap tides. Neap tides occur during quarter moons.

Neap Tides

Fronts A cold front leaves _________________ weather behind it and usually results in _____________________________; a warm front leaves ____________________ weather behind it and usually results in a steady slow rain for hours or even days. Draw and label a cold front and a warm front as they would appear on a weather map. What type of weather is characteristic of a high pressure system? and a low pressure system?  

What Does It All Mean? Remember: The H stands for a High Pressure system This means CLEAR WEATHER The L stands for LOW pressure system This means STORMY weather

Cold Front Cold dense air pushes warm air out of the way Cold fronts move very quickly and bring short periods of rain/thunderstorms Lower temperatures are behind the front SYMBOL – the direction of the “arrows” points towards the direction the front is MOVING

Warm Front Warm air moves up the cold front as it slowly displaces the cold air Warm fronts move slowly, and bring many days of steady precipitation Higher temperatures are behind the front SYMBOL – direction of “half-moons” is the direction the front is moving

Chemistry Anyone? Think back to chemistry – what is the special name given to the negatively charged electrons that are found on the outer most energy level (or orbit)? What can we find out about an element by knowing this number? Does this number correspond to the group or period that the element is found in?

VALENCE ELECTRONS Valence electrons are the electrons found on the outermost energy level. THEY (VALENCE ELECTRONS) DETERMINE THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THAT ELEMENT. The number of valence electrons corresponds with the GROUP number the element is found in on the periodic table.

PHYSICS! If you push on the wall, and you don’t end up going through the wall, that means that the wall pushed back on you with an EQUAL and OPPOSITE force. This type of balanced force results in NO MOTION. The unit used when we measure force is called BALANCED. A tool that we can use to measure force is called a SPRING SCALE.

SPACE All of the planets in our solar system revolve around our star, the SUN. There are billions of stars in our GALAXY, the Milky Way. A star’s distance from earth can be determined by measuring the time it takes for the star’s LIGHT to reach the earth.

SEASONS What causes the seasons? Draw a picture to illustrate. Seasons

The ROTATION of the Earth on its’ axis caused day and night. What causes day and night? The ROTATION of the Earth on its’ axis caused day and night.

Chemistry again! For each of the following chemical formulas, tell how many atoms of each element are present, and how many total atoms. Ca(OH)2 Calcium 1 Oxygen 2 Hydrogen 2 Total = 5 3 SNa2CO3 Sodium 2 Carbon 1 Oxygen 3 Total = 6 C6H12O6 Carbon 6 Hydrogen 12 Oxygen 6 Total= 24

ATOMS

Speed and Velocity Tell the difference between speed and velocity. What types of information would you need to determine each (think of the formula)? Speed is distance traveled in an amount of time. Velocity is just speed in a certain direction. Speed Example: 35mph Velocity Example: 35 mph North

What is a nebula? A nebula is a cloud of gas and dust where stars are born

Shine or Reflect Do planets produce light? Do moons? Do stars? Planets do not produce light. Moons do not produce light. Stars DO produce light. Moons and planets REFLECT light from stars.

PANGAEA Similar fossils have been found on the borders of South America and Africa. What could this suggest about the two continents? These fossils suggest that the two continents (South American and Africa) used to be stuck together and they drifted apart.

Chemical Reaction??? Give several examples of evidence that may suggest that a chemical reaction has taken place. How would one know for sure if a chemical change has taken place? There are different signs of a chemical reaction like: change of color, bubbles, forming a solid You know FOR SURE a chemical reaction has occurred if A NEW SUBSTANCE IS FORMED

BALANCED? You know equations are balanced because the number of atoms of each element are the same on the reactant side and on the product side.

Galaxy or Solar System? What is a galaxy? How does it differ from a solar system? A galaxy is a collection of billions of stars, gas, dust, and planets held together by gravity A solar system is a system of planets that orbit ONE STAR

The MOON Waxing is getting brighter Waning is getting darker When the moon is getting bright, the light is on the right

Metals Metals are shiny, malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. Most elements are metals They are found on the left side of the periodic table

Nonmetals Nonmetals are dull, brittle and poor conductors of heat and electricity. They are located on the far right side of the periodic table.

Metalloids These elements are located along the “stair-step” on the periodic table. They share properties with both metals and nonmetals and are usually semiconductors of heat and electricity

Periodic Table

F=MA Force = Mass times Acceleration This is Newton’s SECOND Law

Problem A What net force is required to accelerate a car at a rate of 2 m/s2 if the car has a mass of 3,000 kg? F=MA F= 3,000kg times 2 m/s2 F= 6,000 Newtons

B What is the mass of a truck if it produces a force of 14,000 N while accelerating at a rate of 5 m/s2 ? F=MA Mass=Force/Acceleration Mass=14,000 5 Mass= 2800 Kg F M A

Hurricanes Hurricanes are cyclones that form over water. What is the role of ocean water in the formation of a hurricane? Water evaporates out of oceans adding heat energy to the air

Climate A climate of an area describes the expected type of weather (ex. average rainfall and temperatures). What factors cause places on Earth to have a relatively constant average temperature? Ocean currents and winds continuously move heat energy from the sun around which allows areas to have constant average temperatures.

Pictures A star in a constellation was photographed using two different telescopes. The first picture showed a small blue star. The second picture showed a center and a ring of heat energy leaving the star. What makes these two pictures different? One was photographed with a regular camera. The other picture was made using an infrared camera.

Jupiter—Visible Light

Jupiter—Radio Image

Great Nebula in Orion- Visible Light

Great Nebula in Orion- Infrared

Great Nebula in Orion-X-ray

Cat’s Eye Nebula—Visible Light