The (brief) History of Astronomy

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Presentation transcript:

The (brief) History of Astronomy

Ancient Ideas vs. Modern Science There are many things that were believed in the past that we all think are quite silly today. We take these things for granted as fact but in the past they were unknown and/or other explanations were accepted. For example:

Lots of people have believed this. Is the Earth flat? Lots of people have believed this. How do we now know the Earth isn’t flat? Lots of ways.

Does the Sun move across the Sky? What do we believe today? The ancient Greeks believed the god Helios drove a chariot that moved the Sun each day. What do we believe today?

Does the Moon move across the Sky? Yep. Just not once a day.

Is the Earth at the center of the Universe? We're not at the center of anything

Geocentric Model “Earth Centered” This model places the Earth at the center of the Universe. Common in ancient Greece, it was believed by both Aristotle (384-322 BC) and Ptolemy (90-168). They believed the stars, planets, the moon, and the Sun went around the Earth in perfect circles

Why did they hold this belief? Celestial objects (seem to) move across the sky We do not feel ourselves moving Believed God created the world with Earth at the center

Heliocentric Model “Sun Centered” Proposed by Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543) Improved upon by Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) and Johannes Kepler (1571-1630). Places Sun at the center of the solar system Planets go around in circles

Why the new model? Geocentric model was very complicated Astronomical events could not be predicted accurately Calendars which were based on celestial events were getting out of sync

Johannes Kepler Developed three mathematical laws to describe planetary motion during the 1600’s. Planets travel in ellipses Each planet moves faster when it is closer to the Sun Closer planets have shorter years than further planets

Planets follow elliptical, not circular, orbits Planets follow elliptical, not circular, orbits. They do appear circular. Comets follow much flatter paths.

Law of universal gravitation Isaac Newton’s (1642 – 1727) law states that every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force that is proportional to mass and the distance between them. The closer and/or larger they are, the stronger the gravitational attraction. Helps explain Kepler’s laws of motion.

Hubble Law Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) discovered that the Universe is expanding It expands at a rate described as the Hubble constant. Doppler red shift is evidence for expansion Used to infer the age of the Universe at 13.7 byo